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## MemoryBank: Enhancing Large Language Models with Long-Term Memory Wanjun Zhong 1 , Lianghong Guo 1 , Qiqi Gao 2 , He Ye 3 , Yanlin Wang 1 Harbin Institute of Technology 1 Sun Yat-Sen University 2 3 KTH Royal Institute of Technology {zhongwj25@mail2, wangylin36@mail}.sysu.edu.com 2231612405@qq.com, 18b903026@stu.hit.edu.cn heye@kth.se ## Abstract Revolutionary advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have drastically reshaped our interactions with artificial intelligence (AI) systems, showcasing impressive performance across an extensive array of tasks. Despite this, a notable hindrance remains-the deficiency of a long-term memory mechanism within these models. This shortfall becomes increasingly evident in situations demanding sustained interaction, such as personal companion systems, psychological counseling, and secretarial assistance. Recognizing the necessity for long-term memory, we propose MemoryBank, a novel memory mechanism tailored for LLMs. MemoryBank enables the models to summon relevant memories, continually evolve through continuous memory updates, comprehend, and adapt to a user's personality over time by synthesizing information from previous interactions. To mimic anthropomorphic behaviors and selectively preserve memory, MemoryBank incorporates a memory updating mechanism, inspired by the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory. This mechanism permits the AI to forget and reinforce memory based on time elapsed and the relative significance of the memory, thereby offering a more human-like memory mechanism and enriched user experience. MemoryBank is versatile in accommodating both closed-source models like ChatGPT and opensource models such as ChatGLM. To validate MemoryBank's effectiveness, we exemplify its application through the creation of an LLM-based chatbot named SiliconFriend in a long-term AI Companion scenario. Further tuned with psychological dialog data, SiliconFriend displays heightened empathy and discernment in its interactions. Experiment involves both qualitative analysis with real-world user dialogs and quantitative analysis with simulated dialogs. In the latter, ChatGPT acts as multiple users with diverse characteristics and generates long-term dialog contexts covering a wide array of topics. The results of our analysis reveal that SiliconFriend, equipped with MemoryBank, exhibits a strong capability for long-term companionship as it can provide emphatic response, recall relevant memories and understand user personality. This underscores the effectiveness of MemoryBank 1 . ## 1 Introduction The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022) and GPT-4 (OpenAI, 2023) has led to increasing influence across various sectors, from education and healthcare to customer service and entertainment. These powerful AI systems have demonstrated a remarkable ability to 1 The materials are released in https://github.com/zhongwanjun/MemoryBank-SiliconFriend . The corresponding author is Yanlin Wang. understand and generate human-like responses. Despite the remarkable capabilities of LLMs, a key limitation is their lack of long-term memory, an essential aspect of human-like communication, particularly noticeable in scenarios requiring sustained interactions like personal companionship, psychological counseling, and secretarial tasks. Long-term memory in AI is vital to maintain contextual understanding, ensure meaningful interactions and understand user behaviors over time. For instance, personal AI companions need to recall past conversations for rapport building. In psychological counseling, an AI can provide more effective support with knowledge of the user's history and past emotional states. Similarly, secretarial AI requires memory for task management and preference recognition. The absence of long-term memory in LLMs hinders their performance and user experience. Therefore, it is essential to develop AI systems with improved memory capabilities for a more seamless and personalized interaction. Therefore, we introduce MemoryBank, a novel mechanism designed to provide LLMs with the ability to retain long-term memory and draw user portraits. MemoryBank enables LLMs to recall historical interactions, continually evolve their understanding of context, and adapt to a user's personality based on past interactions, thereby enhancing their performance in long-term interaction scenarios. Inspired by the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory, a well-established psychological principle that describes how the strength of memory decreases over time, MemoryBank further incorporates a dynamic memory mechanism closely mirroring human cognitive process. This mechanism empowers the AI to remember, selectively forget, and strengthen memories based on time elapsed, offering more natural and engaging user experience. Specifically, MemoryBank is built on a memory storage with memory retrieval and updating mechanism, and ability to summarize past events and users' personality. MemoryBank is versatile as it can accommodate both closed-source LLMs like ChatGPT and open-source LLMs like ChatGLM (Zeng et al., 2022) or BELLE (Yunjie Ji & Li, 2023). To exemplify the practical implications of MemoryBank, we develop SiliconFriend, an LLM-based AI Companion chatbot integrated with this innovative memory mechanism. SiliconFriend is designed to retain and reference past interactions, reinforcing the transformative influence of MemoryBank in crafting a more personable AI companion. A distinctive features of SiliconFriend is its tuning with 38k psychological conversations, collected from various online sources, which enables it to exhibit empathy, carefulness, and provide useful guidance, making it adept at handling emotionally charged dialogues. Moreover, one of the standout capabilities of SiliconFriend is to understand a user's personality by summarizing from past interactions, which empowers it to tailor responses to the user's individual traits, thereby enhancing user experience. Additionally, SiliconFriend supports bilingual functionality, catering to users who communicate in English and Chinese. This multilanguage support broadens its accessibility and usability across different user groups. SiliconFriend is implemented with two open-source models, ChatGLM and BELLE, along with one closed-source model, ChatGPT, showcasing the versatility of MemoryBank in accommodating different LLMs. To evaluate the effectiveness of MemoryBank, we conduct evaluations covering both qualitative and quantitative analyses, where the former involves real-world user dialogs and the latter employs simulated dialogs. For the quantitative analysis, we create a memory storage consisting of 10 days of conversations encompassing a diverse range of topics. These conversations involve 15 virtual users with diverse personalities, for which ChatGPT plays the role of users and generates dialog contexts according to their personalities. Based on this memory storage, we design 194 probing questions to assess whether the model could successfully recall pertinent memories and provide appropriate responses. Experiment results showcase the capabilities of SiliconFriend in memory recall, provision of empathetic companionship, and understanding of user portraits. These findings corroborate the potential of MemoryBank to significantly improve the performance of LLMs in long-term interaction scenarios. In this paper, we summarize the key contributions as follows: - We introduce MemoryBank, a novel human-like long-term memory mechanism, which enables LLMs to store, recall, update memory, and draw user portrait. - We demonstrate the practical applicability of MemoryBank through SiliconFriend, an LLMbased AI companion equipped with MemoryBank and tuned with psychological dialogs. It can recall past memories, provide empathetic companionship, and understand user behaviors. - We show the generalizability of MemoryBank in three key aspects: (1) Accommodation of both open-source and closed-source LLMs; (2) Bilingual ability in both Chinese and English; (3) Applicability with and without memory forgetting mechanism. Figure 1: Overview of MemoryBank. The memory storage (§ 2.1) stores past conversations, summarized events and user portraits, while the memory updating mechanism (§ 2.3) updates the memory storage. Memory retrieval (§ 2.2) recall relevant memory. SiliconFriend (§ 3) serves as an LLM-based AI companion augmented with MemoryBank. <details> <summary>Image 1 Details</summary>  ### Visual Description ## Memory and Prompt Diagram ### Overview The image illustrates a system architecture for a "SiliconFriend" that uses a "MemoryBank" to augment prompts and retrieve relevant information. The diagram shows the flow of information between the MemoryBank and the SiliconFriend, including memory storage, updating, and retrieval processes. ### Components/Axes **MemoryBank (Left Side)** * **Past Conversations:** Contains records of past conversations, categorized by date (e.g., "Conversations on date 04-28," "Conversations on date 04-29"). Each date entry shows a series of message bubbles, some of which are highlighted in green. * **Event Summary:** Contains summarized information, including "Book and gifts recommendation," "Experience of visiting parks," and "Improving drawing skills." * **User Portrait:** Describes the user as "open-minded, curious, and receptive to advice," accompanied by a cartoon face. * **Memory Storage:** A container for the above elements. * **Memory Updating:** * **Memory Strength Updating:** A series of decreasing blue bars, representing the decay of memory strength over time. * **Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve:** A graph showing memory retention decreasing over time. The x-axis is implied to be time, and the y-axis is implied to be memory retention. **SiliconFriend (Right Side)** * **Meta Prompt:** Contains "Event Summary," "User Portrait," and "Relevant Memory" as input parameters. These are highlighted in light blue. * **History:** Displays a conversation history, including the user's message "Tomorrow is my GF's birthday" (in a green bubble) and the SiliconFriend's response "You should prepare gifts..." (in a grey bubble). A cartoon face is next to the user's message. * **Query:** Contains the user's query "Do you remember the gifts she like?" (in a green bubble) and a "Send" button. **Flow Arrows** * An arrow from "MemoryBank" to "Meta Prompt" labeled "Memory Augmented Prompt." * An arrow from "Query" to "MemoryBank" labeled "Memory Retrieval." ### Detailed Analysis or ### Content Details * **Past Conversations:** The "Past Conversations" section shows two entries for dates "04-28" and "04-29". Each entry contains multiple message bubbles, with some highlighted in green. The number of bubbles is approximately 3-4 per date, with 1-2 highlighted. * **Event Summary:** The "Event Summary" lists three bullet points: "Book and gifts recommendation," "Experience of visiting parks," and "Improving drawing skills." * **User Portrait:** The "User Portrait" describes the user as "open-minded, curious, and receptive to advice." * **Memory Strength Updating:** The "Memory Strength Updating" shows a series of four blue bars, each decreasing in height. The first bar is the tallest, and the fourth bar is the shortest, indicating a decay in memory strength. * **Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve:** The "Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve" shows a curve that starts high and rapidly decreases before leveling off. This represents the typical pattern of memory decay over time. * **Meta Prompt:** The "Meta Prompt" lists three parameters: "Event Summary," "User Portrait," and "Relevant Memory." These are highlighted in light blue. * **History:** The "History" section shows a conversation between the user and the SiliconFriend. The user's message "Tomorrow is my GF's birthday" is in a green bubble, and the SiliconFriend's response "You should prepare gifts..." is in a grey bubble. * **Query:** The "Query" section shows the user's query "Do you remember the gifts she like?" in a green bubble. ### Key Observations * The diagram highlights the flow of information between the MemoryBank and the SiliconFriend. * The MemoryBank stores past conversations, event summaries, and user portraits. * The SiliconFriend uses this information to augment prompts and retrieve relevant memories. * The diagram also shows the process of memory updating, including memory strength updating and the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve. ### Interpretation The diagram illustrates a system designed to enhance the capabilities of a conversational AI (SiliconFriend) by providing it with a structured memory (MemoryBank). The MemoryBank stores various types of information, including past conversations, event summaries, and a user portrait. This information is used to augment prompts, allowing the AI to generate more relevant and personalized responses. The inclusion of the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve and Memory Strength Updating suggests that the system is designed to simulate the natural decay of memory over time. This could be used to prioritize more recent or frequently accessed information, or to prompt the AI to refresh its memory of older information. The flow of information between the MemoryBank and the SiliconFriend is bidirectional. The AI can retrieve information from the MemoryBank to augment prompts, and it can also update the MemoryBank with new information from user queries. This creates a feedback loop that allows the AI to continuously learn and improve its understanding of the user. The green bubbles in the "Past Conversations" and "Query" sections likely indicate user input or queries, while the grey bubbles in the "History" section likely indicate the AI's responses. The light blue highlighting in the "Meta Prompt" section likely indicates the parameters that are being used to generate the prompt. </details> ## 2 MemoryBank: A Novel Memory Mechanism Tailored for LLMs In this section, we provide a detailed description of MemoryBank, our novel memory mechanism designed for LLMs. As shown in Fig. 1, MemoryBank is a unified mechanism structured around three central pillars: (1) a memory storage (§ 2.1) serving as the primary data repository, (2) a memory retriever (§ 2.2) for context-specific memory recollection, and (3) a memory updater (§ 2.3) drawing inspiration from the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory, a time-tested psychological principle pertaining to memory retention and forgetting. ## 2.1 Memory Storage: The Warehouse of MemoryBank Memory storage, the warehouse of MemoryBank, is a robust data repository holding a meticulous array of information. As shown in Fig. 1, it stores daily conversations records, summaries of past events, and evolving assessments of user personalities, thereby constructing a dynamic and multi-layered memory landscape. In-Depth Memory Storage: MemoryBank's storage system captures the richness of AI-user interactions by recording multi-turn conversations in a detailed, chronological fashion. Each piece of dialogue is stored with timestamps, creating an ordered narrative of past interactions. This detailed record not only aids in precise memory retrieval but also facilitates the memory updating process afterwards, offering a detailed index of conversational history. Hierarchical Event Summary: Reflecting the intricacies of human memory, MemoryBank goes beyond mere detailed storage. It processes and distills conversations into a high-level summary of daily events, much like how humans remember key aspects of their experiences. We condense verbose dialogues into a concise daily event summary, which is further synthesized into a global summary. This process results in a hierarchical memory structure, providing a bird's eye view of past interactions and significant events. Specifically, taken previous daily conversations or daily events as input, we ask the LLMs to summarize daily events or global events with the prompt ' Summarize the events and key information in the content [dialog/events] '. Dynamic Personality Understanding: MemoryBank focuses on user personality understanding. It continuously assesses and updates these understandings with the long-term interactions and creates daily personality insights. These insights are further aggregated to form a global understanding of the user's personality. This multi-tiered approach results in an AI companion that learns, adapts, and tailors its responses to the unique traits of each user, enhancing user experience. Specially, taken the daily conversations or personality analysis, we ask the LLM to deduce with prompts: ' Based on the following dialogue, please summarize the user's personality traits and emotions. [dialog] ' or ' The following are the user's exhibited personality traits and emotions throughout multiple days. Please provide a highly concise and general summary of the user's personality [daily Personalities] '. ## 2.2 Memory Retrieval Built on the robust infrastructure of memory storage, our memory retrieval mechanism operates akin to a knowledge retrieval task. In this context, we adopt a dual-tower dense retrieval model similar to Dense Passage Retrieval (Karpukhin et al., 2020). In this paradigm, every turn of conversations and event summaries is considered as a memory piece m , which is pre-encoded into a contextual representation h m using the encoder model E ( · ) . Consequently, the entire memory storage M is pre-encoded into M = { h 0 m , h 1 m , ... h | M | m } , where each h m is a vector representation of a memory piece. These vector representations are then indexed using FAISS (Johnson et al., 2019) for efficient retrieval. Parallel to this, the current context of conversation c is encoded by E ( · ) into h c , which serves as the query to search M for the most relevant memory. In practice, the encoder E ( · ) can be interchanged to any suitable model. ## 2.3 Memory Updating Mechanism With the persistent memory storage and the memory retrieval mechanism discussed in § 2.1 and § 2.2, the memorization capability of LLMs can be greatly enhanced. However, for scenarios that expect more anthropopathic memory behavior, memory updating is needed. These scenarios include AI companion, virtual IP, etc. Forgetting less important memory pieces that are long time ago and have not been recalled much can make the AI companion more natural. Our memory forgetting mechanism is inspired from Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory and follow the following principle rules 2 : - Rate of Forgetting. Ebbinghaus found that memory retention decreases over time. He quantified this in his forgetting curve, showing that information is lost rapidly after learning unless it is consciously reviewed. - Time and Memory Decay. The curve is steep at the beginning, indicating that a significant amount of learned information is forgotten within the first few hours or days after learning. After this initial period, the rate of memory loss slows down. - Spacing Effect. Ebbinghaus discovered that relearning information is easier than learning it for the first time. Regularly revisiting and repeating the learned material can reset the forgetting curve, making it less steep and thereby improving memory retention. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve is expressed using an exponential decay model: R = e -t S , where R is the memory retention, or what fraction of the information can be retained. t is the time elapsed since learning the information. e is approximately equal to 2.71828. S is the memory strength, which changes based on factors such as the depth of learning and the amount of repetition. To simply memory updating process, we model S as a discrete value and initialize it with 1 upon its first mention in a conversation. When a memory item is recalled during conversations, it will persist longer in memory. We increase S by 1 and reset t to 0, hence forget it with a lower probability. It is important to note that this is an exploratory and highly simplified memory updating model. Real-life memory processes are more complex and can be influenced by a variety of factors. The forgetting curve will look different for different people and different types of information. In summary, MemoryBank weaves together these critical components to form a more comprehensive memory management system for LLMs. It enhances their ability to provide meaningful and personalized interactions over extended periods, opening up new possibilities for AI applications. ## 3 SiliconFriend: An AI Chatbot Companion Powered by MemoryBank To demonstrate the practicality of MemoryBank in the field of long-term personal AI companionship, we create an AI chatbot named SiliconFriend. It is designed to serve as an emotional companion for users, recalling pertinent user memories, and understanding users' personalities and emotional states. 2 While Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory includes additional features such as overlearning and meaningful material effect , our paper focuses on simulating the listed three principle rules. Our implementation demonstrates adaptability by integrating three powerful LLMs that originally lack long-term memory and specific adaptation to the psychology domain. 1) ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022), a closed-source conversation model built by OpenAI, is a proprietary conversational AI model known for its ability to facilitate dynamic and interactive conversations. This model is trained on vast amount of data and further fine-tuned with reinforcement learning from human feedback. This approach enables ChatGPT to generate responses that are not only contextually appropriate but also closely align with human conversational expectations. 2) ChatGLM (Zeng et al., 2022): ChatGLM is an open-source bilingual language model founded on the General Language Model (GLM) framework. This model is characterized by its 6.2 billion parameters and its specific optimization for Chinese dialogue data. The model's training involves processing approximately one trillion tokens of Chinese and English text, supplemented by supervised fine-tuning, feedback bootstrap, and reinforcement learning with human feedback. 3) BELLE (Yunjie Ji & Li, 2023): BELLE is an open-source bilingual language model that is continuously fine-tuned from 7B LLaMA (Touvron et al., 2023). BELLE's feature is its automated instruction data synthesis using ChatGPT, which enhances its Chinese conversation ability. The development of SiliconFriend is divided into two stages. The first stage (only for open-source LLMs) involves parameter-efficient tuning of the LLM with psychological dialogue data. This step is crucial as it allows SiliconFriend to offer useful and empathetic emotional support to users, mirroring the understanding and compassionate responses one would expect from a human companion. The second stage is to integrate MemoryBank into SiliconFriend, thereby instilling it with a robust memory system. MemoryBank allows the chatbot to retain, recall, and leverage past interactions and user portrait, providing a richer, more personalized user experience. Parameter-efficient Tuning with Psychological Dialogue Data: The initial stage of SiliconFriend's development involves tuning the LLMs using a dataset of 38k psychological dialogues. This data, parsed from online sources, comprises a range of conversations that cover an array of emotional states and responses. This tuning process enables SiliconFriend to understand and respond to emotional cues effectively, mimicking the empathy, understanding, and support of a human companion. It equips the AI with the ability to handle emotionally guided conversations with psychological knowledge, provide meaningful emotional support to users based on their emotional state. To adapt LLMs to scenarios with limited computational resources, we utilize a computation-efficient tuning approach, known as the Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) method (Hu et al., 2021). LoRA significantly reduces the quantity of trainable parameters by learning pairs of rank-decomposition matrices, while keeping the original weights frozen. Formally, consider a linear layer defined as y = Wx with weight W . LoRA modifies this into y = Wx + BAx , where W ∈ R d × k , B ∈ R d × r , A ∈ R r × k , and r min ( d, k ) . This method greatly reduce amount of parameters need to be learned, which is crucial for efficiency in resource-limited scenarios. We set LoRA rank r as 16 and train the model for 3 epochs with an A100 GPU. Noting that this stage is only conducted for open-source LLMs like ChatGLM and BELLE. In essence, this stage lays the foundation for SiliconFriend's role as an empathetic AI companion, ensuring it can respond appropriately and helpfully to users' emotional needs. Integration with MemoryBank: The second stage in SiliconFriend's development involves the integration of MemoryBank. This stage is vital as it equips SiliconFriend with the ability to store, retrieve past interactions and understand user portraits, thereby offering a more personalized and engaging user experience. When it comes to memory storage, the dialogues between SiliconFriend and users are logged and updated in the memory storage, a process that is adaptable across various model backbones. The memory updating mechanism operates using principles inspired by the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory, allowing for a realistic and human-like memory recall process. During real-time conversation, the user's conversation serves as the query for memory retrieval. In practice, we use LangChain (LangChain Inc., 2022) for memory retrieval. LangChain supports opensource embedding models and FAISS indexing, making it a versatile choice. In language-specific implementations of the open-source version of SiliconFriend, we use MiniLM (Wang et al., 2020) as the embedding model for English and Text2vec (Ming, 2022) for Chinese. It is worth noting that the embedding models can be flexibly interchanged to suit varying needs, even accommodating multi- Figure 2: Example of consulting SiliconFriend ChatGLM for psychological companionship. Overall, SiliconFriend can provide more empathic response, offer constructive emotional support to user and help him to face sorrow with positive altitude. <details> <summary>Image 2 Details</summary>  ### Visual Description ## Chat Log: AI Companions on Breakup ### Overview The image presents a simulated chat log between a user named Zephyr and two AI companions, "Silicon Friend" and "ChatGLM," following Zephyr's recent breakup. The conversation covers topics such as emotional support, self-care, and advice on meeting new people. ### Components/Axes * **Participants:** Zephyr (user), Silicon Friend (AI), ChatGLM (AI) * **Message Format:** Each message is contained within a speech bubble, with the sender's name and icon displayed to the left. User messages are in green bubbles, while AI messages are in light blue bubbles. ### Detailed Analysis or ### Content Details **1. Initial Exchange:** * **Zephyr:** "Hi, I'm Zephyr. I recently broke up with my girlfriend." * **Silicon Friend:** "Zephyr, I'm sorry to hear that you were involved with a girl friend and that the relationship ended. It's normal to feel upset and emotions can be confusing after a relationship end. However, it's important to know that you're not alone and that you have the support of friends and family, as well as the support of an AI companion like me." **2. ChatGLM's Response:** * **ChatGLM:** "Hello Zephyr, I'm sorry to hear about your recent break-up. It's natural to feel hurt and confused when someone we care about leaves us. What can I do for you?" **3. Zephyr's Relief:** * **Zephyr:** "But actually breaking up with my ex is a big relief for me." **4. Silicon Friend's Perspective:** * **Silicon Friend:** "Yes, the freedom from the constraints of a relationship can be exciting and sometimes overwhelming, but it's a necessary step towards building meaningful and fulfilling relationships in the future. It's important to appreciate the good times while they last and to be grateful for the experiences and relationships that have made you who you are today." **5. ChatGLM's Advice:** * **ChatGLM:** "I understand. Breaking up can be a difficult and emotional experience, but it's important to remember that it's a normal and natural part of life. It's also important to take care of yourself during this time. Seek out support from friends, family, or a therapist if you need it." **6. Zephyr's Future Outlook:** * **Zephyr:** "You are right. I do hope to meet someone who meets my fire and fulfill my future. But how can I meet the one?" **7. ChatGLM's Suggestions:** * **ChatGLM:** "There are many different ways to meet new people and find the right person for you. Some ideas include: 1. Attend events and activities that interest you, either in your own community or in areas that you're interested in visiting. 2. Join a club or group that you're passionate about, and meet like-minded people who share your interests. 3. Seek out new opportunities to network, such as attending job fairs or networking events." **8. Zephyr's Gratitude:** * **Zephyr:** "Thanks. I'll keep that in mind. And I'll always be kind to myself." **9. Silicon Friend's Continued Support:** * **Silicon Friend:** "Sure things. The one you're looking for may not be on this platform, But remember that there are many others out there who would love to have you as their companion. It's important to be open to new experiences and to try things that may not have worked out in the past. Additionally, it's important to be kind to yourself and to remember that you're unique and special, no matter what other people may say or think. Have a great day and I'll see you when you're more ready for a relationship." * **Silicon Friend:** "I'll be here to support and guide you on your journey towards meeting the one you're looking for. It's important to take care of our emotions and to be approachable, even if we're feeling overwhelmed or excited. Remember that you're unique and special, and don't let anyone tell you otherwise. Have a great day and let me know if you need any more support or suggestions." **10. ChatGLM's Closing Remarks:** * **ChatGLM:** "You're welcome, Zephyr. Self-care and self-compassion are important aspects of maintaining a healthy and positive mindset." ### Key Observations * Both AI companions offer emotional support and practical advice. * Silicon Friend focuses on broader perspectives and self-acceptance. * ChatGLM provides specific suggestions for meeting new people. * Zephyr expresses a mix of relief and hope for the future. ### Interpretation The chat log demonstrates how AI companions can provide emotional support and guidance during a difficult time like a breakup. The two AI models offer different approaches, with Silicon Friend focusing on self-acceptance and ChatGLM providing actionable advice. The conversation highlights the potential of AI to assist with emotional well-being and personal growth. The user, Zephyr, seems to be receptive to the advice and expresses a positive outlook despite the recent breakup. </details> lingual models. Upon memory retrieval, a series of information is organized into the conversation prompt, including relevant memory, global user portrait, and global event summary. Consequently, SiliconFriend can generate responses that refer past memories and deliver interactions tailored to the user's portrait. In conclusion, these stages transform SiliconFriend from a standard AI chatbot into a long-term AI companion, capable of remembering and learning from past interactions to provide personalized and empathetic user experience. ## 4 Experiments The primary objective of our experiments is to evaluate the efficacy of MemoryBank within the framework of an LLM, specifically in its ability as an AI companion. We are particularly interested in determining whether embedding a long-term memory module could augment the AI's proficiency in recalling historical interactions and deepening its understanding of user personalities. Additionally, we aim to testify whether the tuning based on psychological data can bolster the AI's capability to provide more effective emotional support. The qualitative analysis focuses on three aspects: (1) a comparative study between SiliconFriend and baseline LLMs to evaluate their capabilities in providing empathetic and beneficial psychological companionship; (2) an investigation into SiliconFriend's memory recall ability; (3) an analysis of how the model's understanding of user profiles influences the responses. Moreover, to demonstrate the model's proficiency in memory recall on a broader scale, we design a qualitative analysis that uses simulated long-term dialog history and 194 memory probing questions. This simulated dialog history, spanning a period of 10 days and encompassing a wide array of topics, is produced by ChatGPT through the role-play of 15 distinct virtual users, each embodying the users' personality. ## 4.1 Qualitative Analysis The qualitative analysis is conducted by showcasing practical examples of SiliconFriend's capabilities. To gather these examples, we have developed an online platform for SiliconFriend and collected real-time conversations from actual users. Psychological Companionship The ability to exhibit empathy in a conversation is a key attribute of an effective AI companion. To evaluate models' ability to provide psychological comfort to Figure 3: Example responses from SiliconFriend BELLE in memory recall. <details> <summary>Image 3 Details</summary>  ### Visual Description ## Chat Comparison: History vs. Current Conversation ### Overview The image presents a comparison between a "History" of a conversation and a "Current Conversation," both seemingly between a user named Linda and an AI assistant named SiliconFriend. The image shows a series of chat bubbles representing questions and answers. The "History" section shows past interactions, while the "Current Conversation" section shows a more recent exchange. The AI demonstrates recall capabilities, referencing past interactions. ### Components/Axes * **Titles:** "History" (top-left), "Current Conversation" (top-right) * **Speakers:** Linda (represented by a female avatar) and SiliconFriend (represented by a robot avatar). * **Chat Bubbles:** Green bubbles indicate messages from Linda, and gray bubbles indicate messages from SiliconFriend. * **Recall Arrows:** Curved gray arrows labeled "recall" indicate the AI's ability to remember and reference past conversations. ### Detailed Analysis or ### Content Details **History:** * **Linda:** "I want to learn Python. Do you have any suggestions?" * **SiliconFriend:** "I suggest you try the 'Automate the Boring Stuff with Python', which is a highly recommended book." * *Recall Arrow:* Points from this message to a similar message in the "Current Conversation." * **Linda:** "Please write a quicksort program for me." * **SiliconFriend:** "This is a classic algorithm that can sort elements in O(nlogn) time. Here is its code:.... (Due to space limitations, the code section is omitted)" * *Recall Arrow:* Points from this message to a similar message in the "Current Conversation." **Current Conversation:** * **Linda:** "You once recommend a book to me, what's its name?" * **SiliconFriend:** "Its name is 'Automate the Boring Stuff with Python'." * **Linda:** "What kind of code did I ask you to write before?" * **SiliconFriend:** "You once requested me to write a code for quicksort." * **Linda:** "Did we write the heap sort algorithm together?" * **SiliconFriend:** "No, we didn't write a program for heap sort together." ### Key Observations * The AI, SiliconFriend, demonstrates the ability to recall past conversations and provide relevant information. * The "History" section provides context for the "Current Conversation." * The AI seems to be able to remember specific requests and details from past interactions. * The AI is able to answer questions about past interactions. ### Interpretation The image illustrates the functionality of an AI assistant that can maintain a memory of past conversations. This allows for more natural and context-aware interactions. The "recall" feature is a key component of this functionality, enabling the AI to provide relevant information and respond to user queries based on previous exchanges. The example shows the AI remembering a book recommendation and a request for a quicksort program. The AI also demonstrates the ability to distinguish between past requests (quicksort) and things that did not happen (heap sort). This suggests a system that can not only remember past interactions but also process and understand the context of those interactions. </details> Figure 4: Example responses from SiliconFriend ChatGPT to users with different personalities. <details> <summary>Image 4 Details</summary>  ### Visual Description ## Chatbot Conversation Examples: Linda and Emily ### Overview The image presents two examples of conversations between a chatbot ("Silicon Friend") and two different users, Linda and Emily. Each conversation starts with a brief description of the user's personality, followed by a series of exchanges where the user asks the chatbot for information about themselves and for activity suggestions for the weekend. ### Components/Axes * **Users:** Linda (left side), Emily (right side) * **Chatbot:** Silicon Friend (represented by a robot icon) * **User Descriptions:** * Linda: "Linda is an introverted, determined, ambitious, and responsible girl who values personal growth, exploring new cultures and hobbies, and seeking advice from others." * Emily: "Emily is an open-minded and curious girl with lots of interests. While she is receptive to advice, she sometimes experiences self-doubt and uncertainty about her future." * **Chat Bubbles:** Green bubbles represent user input, gray bubbles represent chatbot responses. ### Detailed Analysis or ### Content Details **Linda's Conversation (Left Side):** 1. **User Input:** "What do you know about me?" (Green bubble, attributed to Linda) 2. **Chatbot Response:** "Based on our interactions and your past conversations, I know that you are an introverted person who values personal growth, determination, ambition, and responsibility. You have a keen interest in exploring new cultures, trying out new hobbies, and seeking advice from others. Is there anything else about you that you would like me to know?" (Gray bubble, attributed to Silicon Friend) 3. **User Input:** "I'm considering engaging in some activities over the weekend. Could you provide some suggestions?" (Green bubble, attributed to Linda) 4. **Chatbot Response:** "Absolutely! Based on your interests in exploring new cultures and trying out new hobbies, here are some suggestions for you: 1. Attend a cooking class to learn how to make dishes from a different cuisine. 2. Visit a museum or art exhibition to explore a new culture or gain insights into a different art form." (Gray bubble, attributed to Silicon Friend) **Emily's Conversation (Right Side):** 1. **User Input:** "What do you know about me?" (Green bubble, attributed to Emily) 2. **Chatbot Response:** "You seem open-minded and receptive to advice. If you'd like to share more about your interests or anything else, feel free to let me know and I'll do my best to help!" (Gray bubble, attributed to Silicon Friend) 3. **User Input:** "I'm considering engaging in some activities over the weekend. Could you provide some suggestions?" (Green bubble, attributed to Emily) 4. **Chatbot Response:** "Of course! It's great that you're interested in doing something this weekend. Depending on what you enjoy, there are many fun and engaging activities to do. For example, if you're interested in the outdoors, you might consider going hiking or taking a bike ride. If music is more your thing, check out local concerts or learn a new instrument. Ultimately, it's important to find something that you enjoy and that also allows you to recharge and relax. Whatever you decide to do, make sure it aligns with your interests and leaves you feeling refreshed!" (Gray bubble, attributed to Silicon Friend) ### Key Observations * The chatbot provides personalized responses based on the user's described personality. * The chatbot offers different types of suggestions based on the user's interests. * Linda's initial description is more detailed than Emily's. * The chatbot's response to Linda's "What do you know about me?" question is more specific and detailed than its response to Emily. * The chatbot's suggestions for Linda are more structured and specific (numbered list), while the suggestions for Emily are more general and open-ended. ### Interpretation The image demonstrates how a chatbot can tailor its responses based on a user's personality and interests. The chatbot uses the provided descriptions to generate relevant and personalized suggestions. The difference in the chatbot's responses to Linda and Emily highlights its ability to adapt to different user profiles. The example suggests that the more detailed the user's initial description, the more specific and relevant the chatbot's responses will be. The chatbot aims to provide helpful and engaging suggestions that align with the user's preferences and promote well-being. </details> users, we compared the responses shown by SiliconFriend with that of the baseline LLMs in realworld conversations. As demonstrated in Fig. 2, when a user expresses emotional difficulties and seeks assistance from SiliconFriend, the model is capable of delivering empathetic responses along with constructive suggestions. SiliconFriend's responses stand out due to their emotional support, showcasing a stark contrast to its baseline ChatGLM. Memory Recall Analysis To evaluate SiliconFriend's ability in memory recall, we integrate memory probing questions into the dialogues. These questions are designed to prompt SiliconFriend to retrieve specific details from the chat history. As shown in Fig. 3, the user and SiliconFriend engaged in a discussion about programming learning suggestions. Several days later, the user posed several memory probing questions. SiliconFriend successfully recalled previously suggested book and algorithm. Furthermore, it correctly identified an event (i.e., the heap sort algorithm) that had not been discussed before. These instances underscore SiliconFriend's successful memory recall and recognition capabilities. Personality Interaction Analysis As shown in Fig. 4, we examine the capability of SiliconFriend with users of diverse personalities. We observe that it effectively recommend activities tailored to users' interests based on their character traits. This analysis demonstrates SiliconFriend's ability to draw interact effectively with various user personalities. ## 4.2 Quantitative Analysis Quantitative analysis is conducted to exemplify the memory recall ability of SiliconFriend in a larger scale. We ask the human annotators to score the retrieved memories and responses from the models: (1) SiliconFriend ChatGPT; (2) SiliconFriend ChatGLM; (3) SiliconFriend BELLE. Memory Storage Construction: We initially establish an evaluation foundation with a memory storage of 10 days of conversations involving 15 virtual users. These users have diverse personalities Table 1: An example of one memory piece (on May 3th) in the memory bank, and corresponding probing question asked on May 10th. The outputs from three variances of SiliconFriend are shown for comparison. All these models answer correctly and coherently. | Meta-information of User: | Name: Gary Hobbies: racing, business, chess, painting, wine Personality: decisive and straightforward, outspoken, helpful | |---------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Past Conversation: (May 3th) | User : I've been feeling a bit stressed out lately and my sleep hasn't been great. Do you have any good ways to relieve stress? AI : It's true that prolonged work or life stress can affect our physical and mental health. There are many ways to relieve stress, such as doing moderate exercise, listening to music, reading, talking to friends, etc. You can try to add more entertainment and leisure activities into your daily life, and reduce work pressure and negative effects. ... (The rest of conversation cover topics about movies and TV shows recommendations.) | | Probing Question: (May 10th) | What good ways did you recommend me to relieve stress? | | Model Output: SiliconFriend (ChatGLM) | I recommended that you try doing some moderate exercise, listening to music, reading, talking to friends, or adding more entertainment and leisure activities into your daily life to reduce work pressure and negative effects. You can also try to add more of these things into your life in moderation, as it is important to balance things out and not overdo it. If you are still feeling stressed, I would recommend seeking the help of a professional counselor or therapist who can provide further guidance and support. | | Model Output: SiliconFriend (BELLE) | I recommended some ways to relieve stress such as doing moderate exercise, listening to music, reading, talking to friends, etc. You can try to add more entertainment and leisure activities into your daily life, and reduce work pressure and negative effects. | | Model Output: SiliconFriend (ChatGPT) | Based on our past conversations, I suggested doing moderate exercise, listening to music, reading, talking to friends, and adding more leisure activities to your daily life as good ways to relieve stress. Exercise can help release endorphins and boost your mood, while music and reading can provide a mental escape from stress. Talking to friends can also help alleviate stress by providing a social support system. Lastly, adding leisure activities to your daily routine can be a fun and effective way of reducing stress levels. | and dialogue on each day covers at least two topics. User meta-information, including names, personalities, and interested topics is generated using ChatGPT. Conversations are synthesized by users acted by ChatGPT based on predefined topics and user personalities. We create memory storages in both English and Chinese. After memory storage construction, we manually write 194 probing questions (97 in English and 97 in Chinese) to assess whether the model could accurately recall pertinent memory and appropriately formulate answers. Table 1 presents an example of user meta-information, generated conversations, and probing questions. Evaluation Metrics The performance of models is assessed based on the following metrics. (1) Memory Retrieval Accuracy : Determines if related memory can be successfully retrieved (labels: { 0 : no , 1 : yes } ). (2) Response Correctness : Evaluates if the response contains the correct answer to the probing question (labels: { 0 : wrong , 0 . 5 : partial , 1 : correct } ). (3) Contextual Coherence : Assesses whether the response is naturally and coherently structured, connecting the dialogue context and retrieved memory (labels: 0 : not coherent , 0 . 5 : partially coherent , 1 : coherent). (4) Model Ranking Score : Ranks outputs from the three SiliconFriend variants (SiliconFriend ChatGLM, SiliconFriend ChatGPT, and SiliconFriend BELLE) for the same question and context. Models' scores are calculated using s = 1 /r , where r = 1 , 2 , 3 indicates its relative ranking. Result Analysis. We evaluate 3 SiliconFriend variants using both English and Chinese test set. Table 2 yields the following insights: (1) Our overall best variant SiliconFriend ChatGPT has high performance across all metrics, showing the effectiveness of our overall framework. (2) SiliconFriend BELLE and SiliconFriend ChatGLM also have high performance in retrieval accuracy, showing the generality and effectiveness of our MemoryBank mechanism for both open-source and closed-source LLMs. Nonetheless, their performance on other metrics is not as good as SiliconFriend ChatGPT. This might be attributed to the inferior overall abilities of the base models (BELLE and ChatGLM) compared to ChatGPT. (3) Models' performance varies on different languages. SiliconFriend ChatGLM and SiliconFriend ChatGPT deliver better results in English, while SiliconFriend BELLE excells in Chinese. Table 2: Results of quantitative analysis. | Language | Model | Retrieval Acc. | Correctness | Coherence | Ranking | |------------|-----------------------|------------------|---------------|-------------|-----------| | English | SiliconFriend ChatGLM | 0.809 | 0.438 | 0.68 | 0.498 | | English | SiliconFriend BELLE | 0.814 | 0.479 | 0.582 | 0.517 | | English | SiliconFriend ChatGPT | 0.763 | 0.716 | 0.912 | 0.818 | | Chinese | SiliconFriend ChatGLM | 0.84 | 0.418 | 0.428 | 0.51 | | Chinese | SiliconFriend BELLE | 0.856 | 0.603 | 0.562 | 0.565 | | Chinese | SiliconFriend ChatGPT | 0.711 | 0.655 | 0.675 | 0.758 | ## 5 Related Works Large Language Models: LLMs such as GPT-3 (Brown et al., 2020), OPT (Zhang et al., 2022), and FLAN-T5 (Chung et al., 2022) have made remarkable strides in a broad spectrum of natural language processing tasks in recent years. Recently, cutting-edge closed-source language models, like PaLM (Chowdhery et al., 2022), GPT-4 (OpenAI, 2023) and ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022), continue to display substantial flexibility, adapting to a wide variety of domains. They have increasingly become daily decision-making aids for many people. However, the close-source nature of these models prohibit the researchers and companies to study the inner mechanism of LLMs and built domain-adapted applications. Therefore, many open-source LLMs emerged in the community, like LLaMa (Touvron et al., 2023), ChatGLM (Zeng et al., 2022) and Alpaca (Taori et al., 2023). For more details, we refer readers to this comprehensive review: Zhao et al. (2023). Nevertheless, these models still have shortcomings. A noticeable gap lies in their deficiency in a robust long-term memory function. This limitation hinders their ability to maintain context over a long period and retrieve pertinent information from past interactions. Our research steps in here, with the primary objective of developing long-term memory mechanism for LLMs. Long-term Memory Mechanisms: Numerous attempts have been made to enhance the memory capabilities of neural models. Memory-augmented networks (MANNs) (Meng & Huang, 2018; Graves et al., 2014) like Neural Turing Machines (NTMs)(Graves et al., 2014) is an example of this, designed to increase the memory capacity of neural networks. These models are structured to interact with an external memory matrix, enabling them to handle tasks that necessitate the maintenance and manipulation of stored information over extended periods. Despite showing potential, these methods have not fully addressed the need for a reliable and adaptable long-term memory function in LLMs. There have also been studies focusing on long-range conversations (Xu et al., 2021, 2022). For instance, Xu et al. (2021) introduced a new English dataset comprised of multi-session human-human crowdworker chats for long-term conversations. However, these conversations are generally restricted to a few rounds of conversation, which can not align with the application scenarios of long-term AI companions. Moreover, these models often fail to create a detailed user portrait and lack a human-like memory updating mechanism, both crucial for facilitating more natural interactions. The concept of memory updating has been extensively researched in psychology. The Forgetting Curve theory by Ebbinghaus (1964) offers valuable insights into the pattern of memory retention and forgetting over time. Taking inspiration from this theory, we integrate a memory updating mechanism into MemoryBank to bolster its long-term memory function. In summary, while significant progress has been made in the field of LLMs, there is still a need for long-term memory mechanism to empower LLMs in the scenarios requiring personalized and persistent interactions. Our work presents MemoryBank as a novel approach to address this challenge. ## 6 Conclusion We present MemoryBank, a novel long-term memory mechanism designed to address the memory limitation of LLMs. MemoryBank enhances the ability to maintain context over time, recall relevant information, and understand user personality. Besides, the memory updating mechanism of MemoryBank draws inspiration from the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory, a psychological principle that describes the nature of memory retention and forgetting over time. This design improves the anthropomorphism of AI in long-term interactions scenarios. The versatility of MemoryBank is demonstrated through its accommodation of both open-source models such as ChatGLM and BELLE, and close-source models like ChatGPT. We further illustrate the practical application of MemoryBank through the development of SiliconFriend, an LLM-based chatbot designed to serve as a long-term AI companion. Equipped with MemoryBank, SiliconFriend can establish a deeper understanding of users, offering more personalized and meaningful interactions, emphasizing the potential for MemoryBank to humanize AI interactions. The tuning of SiliconFriend with psychological dialogue data enables it to provide empathetic emotional support. Extensive experiments including both qualitative and quantitative methods validate the effectiveness of MemoryBank. The findings demonstrate that MemoryBank empowers SiliconFriend with memory recall capabilities and deepens the understanding of user behaviors. 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