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# A-Mem: Agentic Memory for LLM Agents ## Abstract While large language model (LLM) agents can effectively use external tools for complex real-world tasks, they require memory systems to leverage historical experiences. Current memory systems enable basic storage and retrieval but lack sophisticated memory organization, despite recent attempts to incorporate graph databases. Moreover, these systems’ fixed operations and structures limit their adaptability across diverse tasks. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a novel agentic memory system for LLM agents that can dynamically organize memories in an agentic way. Following the basic principles of the Zettelkasten method, we designed our memory system to create interconnected knowledge networks through dynamic indexing and linking. When a new memory is added, we generate a comprehensive note containing multiple structured attributes, including contextual descriptions, keywords, and tags. The system then analyzes historical memories to identify relevant connections, establishing links where meaningful similarities exist. Additionally, this process enables memory evolution – as new memories are integrated, they can trigger updates to the contextual representations and attributes of existing historical memories, allowing the memory network to continuously refine its understanding. Our approach combines the structured organization principles of Zettelkasten with the flexibility of agent-driven decision making, allowing for more adaptive and context-aware memory management. Empirical experiments on six foundation models show superior improvement against existing SOTA baselines. <details> <summary>x1.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description Icon/Small Image (25x24) </details> Code for Benchmark Evaluation: https://github.com/WujiangXu/AgenticMemory <details> <summary>x2.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description Icon/Small Image (25x24) </details> Code for Production-ready Agentic Memory: https://github.com/WujiangXu/A-mem-sys ## 1 Introduction Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various tasks, with recent advances enabling them to interact with environments, execute tasks, and make decisions autonomously [23, 33, 7]. They integrate LLMs with external tools and delicate workflows to improve reasoning and planning abilities. Though LLM agent has strong reasoning performance, it still needs a memory system to provide long-term interaction ability with the external environment [35]. Existing memory systems [25, 39, 28, 21] for LLM agents provide basic memory storage functionality. These systems require agent developers to predefine memory storage structures, specify storage points within the workflow, and establish retrieval timing. Meanwhile, to improve structured memory organization, Mem0 [8], following the principles of RAG [9, 18, 30], incorporates graph databases for storage and retrieval processes. While graph databases provide structured organization for memory systems, their reliance on predefined schemas and relationships fundamentally limits their adaptability. This limitation manifests clearly in practical scenarios - when an agent learns a novel mathematical solution, current systems can only categorize and link this information within their preset framework, unable to forge innovative connections or develop new organizational patterns as knowledge evolves. Such rigid structures, coupled with fixed agent workflows, severely restrict these systems’ ability to generalize across new environments and maintain effectiveness in long-term interactions. The challenge becomes increasingly critical as LLM agents tackle more complex, open-ended tasks, where flexible knowledge organization and continuous adaptation are essential. Therefore, how to design a flexible and universal memory system that supports LLM agents’ long-term interactions remains a crucial challenge. <details> <summary>x3.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Diagram Analysis ## Diagram Overview The image depicts a **component interaction diagram** illustrating the relationship between three core elements: **Environment**, **LLM Agents**, and **Memory**. The diagram uses directional arrows to represent data flow and interactions. --- ## Component Breakdown ### 1. Environment - **Label**: "Environment" (bottom-left) - **Visual Representation**: A globe icon (blue with green landmasses). - **Function**: Represents external systems, users, or real-world data sources interacting with the LLM Agents. ### 2. LLM Agents - **Label**: "LLM Agents" (center) - **Visual Representation**: A blue robot icon with a speech bubble. - **Function**: Acts as the central processing unit, interacting with the Environment and managing Memory. ### 3. Memory - **Label**: "Memory" (top-right) - **Visual Representation**: Three stacked horizontal rectangles (purple). - **Function**: Stores data written by LLM Agents and provides read access for subsequent operations. --- ## Interaction Flow 1. **Environment ↔ LLM Agents**: - **Bidirectional Arrows**: Labeled "Interaction". - **Direction**: - Environment → LLM Agents: Input data or commands. - LLM Agents → Environment: Output responses or actions. 2. **LLM Agents → Memory**: - **Unidirectional Arrows**: - **Write**: Data is stored in Memory. - **Read**: Data is retrieved from Memory. --- ## Key Observations - **No Data Trends or Numerical Values**: The diagram is conceptual, focusing on system architecture rather than quantitative analysis. - **Symbolic Representation**: - The speech bubble on LLM Agents implies communication capabilities. - Stacked rectangles for Memory suggest layered or hierarchical storage. - **No Legends or Axes**: The diagram lacks numerical scales, categories, or color-coded legends. --- ## Transcribed Text - **Labels**: - Environment - LLM Agents - Memory - **Arrow Labels**: - Interaction (bidirectional) - Write (LLM Agents → Memory) - Read (LLM Agents → Memory) --- ## Conclusion This diagram outlines a high-level architecture where LLM Agents mediate interactions between an external Environment and an internal Memory system. The flow emphasizes bidirectional communication with the Environment and unidirectional data storage/retrieval with Memory. </details> (a) Traditional memory system. <details> <summary>x4.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: System Architecture Diagram ## Diagram Overview The image depicts a system architecture diagram illustrating interactions between environmental inputs, language model (LLM) agents, and memory systems. No numerical data or charts are present; the focus is on component relationships and data flow. --- ## Component Analysis ### 1. Environment - **Visual Representation**: Blue globe with green landmasses (stylized Earth) - **Label**: "Environment" - **Function**: Source of external inputs/interactions - **Spatial Position**: Leftmost component ### 2. LLM Agents - **Visual Representation**: Blue robot icon with speech bubble - **Label**: "LLM Agents" - **Function**: - Processes environmental inputs - Interacts with memory systems - **Key Arrows**: - **Bidirectional Interaction**: - From Environment → LLM Agents (labeled "Interaction") - From LLM Agents → Agentic Memory (labeled "Write") - From Agentic Memory → LLM Agents (labeled "Read") ### 3. Agentic Memory - **Visual Representation**: Three stacked purple rectangles - **Label**: "Agentic Memory" - **Function**: - Stores information written by LLM Agents - Provides read access to LLM Agents - **Spatial Position**: Rightmost component --- ## Data Flow Analysis 1. **Environment → LLM Agents** - **Direction**: Bidirectional - **Label**: "Interaction" - **Purpose**: Represents external input processing 2. **LLM Agents → Agentic Memory** - **Direction**: Unidirectional (→) - **Label**: "Write" - **Purpose**: Data storage operations 3. **Agentic Memory → LLM Agents** - **Direction**: Unidirectional (←) - **Label**: "Read" - **Purpose**: Data retrieval operations --- ## Color Coding Verification - **Blue**: LLM Agents (robot icon) - **Purple**: Agentic Memory (stacked rectangles) - **No legend present**; color assignments confirmed through direct component labeling --- ## System Architecture Insights 1. **Modular Design**: Clear separation of environmental interaction, processing, and memory components 2. **Memory Integration**: Bidirectional data flow between agents and memory suggests dynamic knowledge management 3. **Scalability**: Stacked memory representation implies hierarchical or layered storage capabilities --- ## Limitations - No quantitative metrics or performance data included - No temporal dimensions or process timing information - No error handling or failure modes depicted This diagram serves as a high-level architectural blueprint rather than a performance measurement tool. </details> (b) Our proposed agentic memory. Figure 1: Traditional memory systems require predefined memory access patterns specified in the workflow, limiting their adaptability to diverse scenarios. Contrastly, our A-Mem enhances the flexibility of LLM agents by enabling dynamic memory operations. In this paper, we introduce a novel agentic memory system, named as A-Mem, for LLM agents that enables dynamic memory structuring without relying on static, predetermined memory operations. Our approach draws inspiration from the Zettelkasten method [15, 1], a sophisticated knowledge management system that creates interconnected information networks through atomic notes and flexible linking mechanisms. Our system introduces an agentic memory architecture that enables autonomous and flexible memory management for LLM agents. For each new memory, we construct comprehensive notes, which integrates multiple representations: structured textual attributes including several attributes and embedding vectors for similarity matching. Then A-Mem analyzes the historical memory repository to establish meaningful connections based on semantic similarities and shared attributes. This integration process not only creates new links but also enables dynamic evolution when new memories are incorporated, they can trigger updates to the contextual representations of existing memories, allowing the entire memories to continuously refine and deepen its understanding over time. The contributions are summarized as: We present A-Mem, an agentic memory system for LLM agents that enables autonomous generation of contextual descriptions, dynamic establishment of memory connections, and intelligent evolution of existing memories based on new experiences. This system equips LLM agents with long-term interaction capabilities without requiring predetermined memory operations. We design an agentic memory update mechanism where new memories automatically trigger two key operations: link generation and memory evolution. Link generation automatically establishes connections between memories by identifying shared attributes and similar contextual descriptions. Memory evolution enables existing memories to dynamically adapt as new experiences are analyzed, leading to the emergence of higher-order patterns and attributes. We conduct comprehensive evaluations of our system using a long-term conversational dataset, comparing performance across six foundation models using six distinct evaluation metrics, demonstrating significant improvements. Moreover, we provide T-SNE visualizations to illustrate the structured organization of our agentic memory system. ## 2 Related Work ### 2.1 Memory for LLM Agents Prior works on LLM agent memory systems have explored various mechanisms for memory management and utilization [23, 21, 8, 39]. Some approaches complete interaction storage, which maintains comprehensive historical records through dense retrieval models [39] or read-write memory structures [24]. Moreover, MemGPT [25] leverages cache-like architectures to prioritize recent information. Similarly, SCM [32] proposes a Self-Controlled Memory framework that enhances LLMs’ capability to maintain long-term memory through a memory stream and controller mechanism. However, these approaches face significant limitations in handling diverse real-world tasks. While they can provide basic memory functionality, their operations are typically constrained by predefined structures and fixed workflows. These constraints stem from their reliance on rigid operational patterns, particularly in memory writing and retrieval processes. Such inflexibility leads to poor generalization in new environments and limited effectiveness in long-term interactions. Therefore, designing a flexible and universal memory system that supports agents’ long-term interactions remains a crucial challenge. ### 2.2 Retrieval-Augmented Generation Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful approach to enhance LLMs by incorporating external knowledge sources [18, 6, 10]. The standard RAG [37, 34] process involves indexing documents into chunks, retrieving relevant chunks based on semantic similarity, and augmenting the LLM’s prompt with this retrieved context for generation. Advanced RAG systems [20, 12] have evolved to include sophisticated pre-retrieval and post-retrieval optimizations. Building upon these foundations, recent researches has introduced agentic RAG systems that demonstrate more autonomous and adaptive behaviors in the retrieval process. These systems can dynamically determine when and what to retrieve [4, 14], generate hypothetical responses to guide retrieval, and iteratively refine their search strategies based on intermediate results [31, 29]. However, while agentic RAG approaches demonstrate agency in the retrieval phase by autonomously deciding when and what to retrieve [4, 14, 38], our agentic memory system exhibits agency at a more fundamental level through the autonomous evolution of its memory structure. Inspired by the Zettelkasten method, our system allows memories to actively generate their own contextual descriptions, form meaningful connections with related memories, and evolve both their content and relationships as new experiences emerge. This fundamental distinction in agency between retrieval versus storage and evolution distinguishes our approach from agentic RAG systems, which maintain static knowledge bases despite their sophisticated retrieval mechanisms. ## 3 Methodolodgy Our proposed agentic memory system draws inspiration from the Zettelkasten method, implementing a dynamic and self-evolving memory system that enables LLM agents to maintain long-term memory without predetermined operations. The system’s design emphasizes atomic note-taking, flexible linking mechanisms, and continuous evolution of knowledge structures. <details> <summary>x5.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: LLM Agent Memory System ## Diagram Overview The image depicts a four-stage process for an LLM (Large Language Model) agent memory system. The flow involves **Note Construction**, **Link Generation**, **Memory Evolution**, and **Memory Retrieval**. Below is a detailed breakdown of components, labels, and workflow. --- ## 1. **Note Construction** ### Components: - **Environment**: Interacts with LLM Agents (represented by a robot icon). - **LLM Agents**: Generate responses based on environmental input. - **Conversation 1**: - *"Can you help me implement a custom cache system for my web application? I need it to handle both memory and disk storage."* - **Conversation 2**: - *"The cache system works great, but we’re seeing high memory usage in production. Can we modify it to implement an LRU eviction policy?"* - **Note Attributes**: - **Timestamp** - **Content** - **Context** - **Keywords** - **Tags** - **Embedding** ### Workflow: 1. **Environment** → **LLM Agents** → **Write** (generate responses to conversations). 2. **LLM Agents** → **Note Construction** (extract attributes from conversations). 3. **Note** → **LLM** (embedding generation). --- ## 2. **Link Generation** ### Components: - **Memory**: A database of memory boxes (e.g., `Box 1`, `Box i`, `Box j`, `Box n+1`, `Box n+2`). - **LLM**: Processes memory retrieval and storage. - **Top-k**: Selected memory boxes for further processing. ### Workflow: 1. **Retrieve** memory boxes (`Box 1`, `Box i`, `Box j`, etc.). 2. **LLM** → **Top-k** (select relevant memories). 3. **Store** evolved memory boxes (`Box n+1`, `Box n+2`). --- ## 3. **Memory Evolution** ### Components: - **Top-k**: Selected memory boxes from Link Generation. - **LLM**: Evolves memory boxes. - **Action**: Represents the evolution process (e.g., modifying memory structure). ### Workflow: 1. **Top-k** → **LLM** → **Evolve** (modify memory boxes). 2. **Evolved Memory** → **Store** (update database with new versions). --- ## 4. **Memory Retrieval** ### Components: - **Retrieve**: Query memory database. - **Text Model**: Converts queries into embeddings. - **Query**: User input for retrieval (e.g., *"How do I implement an LRU eviction policy?"*). - **Query Embedding**: Vector representation of the query. - **Relative Memory**: Memory boxes most relevant to the query. ### Workflow: 1. **Retrieve** → **Text Model** → **Query Embedding**. 2. **Query Embedding** → **Relative Memory** (match with stored memories). 3. **LLM Agents** → **Action** (generate response based on retrieved memory). --- ## Key Observations - **Circular Flow**: Memory boxes are continuously retrieved, evolved, and stored, creating a feedback loop. - **Embeddings**: Used in both Note Construction (for notes) and Memory Retrieval (for queries). - **LLM Role**: Central to all stages, acting as a processor for conversations, memory evolution, and retrieval. --- ## Diagram Structure - **Spatial Grounding**: - **Note Construction**: Leftmost section. - **Link Generation**: Middle-left. - **Memory Evolution**: Middle-right. - **Memory Retrieval**: Rightmost section. - **Legend**: No explicit legend present; colors (blue boxes, gray arrows) are consistent across stages. --- ## Notes - No numerical data or charts present; the diagram focuses on process flow and component interactions. - All text is in English; no additional languages detected. </details> Figure 2: Our A-Mem architecture comprises three integral parts in memory storage. During note construction, the system processes new interaction memories and stores them as notes with multiple attributes. The link generation process first retrieves the most relevant historical memories and then employs an LLM to determine whether connections should be established between them. The concept of a ’box’ describes that related memories become interconnected through their similar contextual descriptions, analogous to the Zettelkasten method. However, our approach allows individual memories to exist simultaneously within multiple different boxes. During the memory retrieval stage, we extract query embeddings using a text encoding model and search the memory database for relevant matches. When related memory is retrieved, similar memories that are linked within the same box are also automatically accessed. ### 3.1 Note Construction Building upon the Zettelkasten method’s principles of atomic note-taking and flexible organization, we introduce an LLM-driven approach to memory note construction. When an agent interacts with its environment, we construct structured memory notes that capture both explicit information and LLM-generated contextual understanding. Each memory note $m_{i}$ in our collection $\mathcal{M}=\{m_{1},m_{2},...,m_{N}\}$ is represented as: $$ m_{i}=\{c_{i},t_{i},K_{i},G_{i},X_{i},e_{i},L_{i}\} \tag{1} $$ where $c_{i}$ represents the original interaction content, $t_{i}$ is the timestamp of the interaction, $K_{i}$ denotes LLM-generated keywords that capture key concepts, $G_{i}$ contains LLM-generated tags for categorization, $X_{i}$ represents the LLM-generated contextual description that provides rich semantic understanding, and $L_{i}$ maintains the set of linked memories that share semantic relationships. To enrich each memory note with meaningful context beyond its basic content and timestamp, we leverage an LLM to analyze the interaction and generate these semantic components. The note construction process involves prompting the LLM with carefully designed templates $P_{s1}$ : $$ K_{i},G_{i},X_{i}\leftarrow\text{LLM}(c_{i}\;\Vert t_{i}\;\Vert P_{s1}) \tag{2} $$ Following the Zettelkasten principle of atomicity, each note captures a single, self-contained unit of knowledge. To enable efficient retrieval and linking, we compute a dense vector representation via a text encoder [27] that encapsulates all textual components of the note: $$ e_{i}=f_{\text{enc}}[\;\text{concat}(c_{i},K_{i},G_{i},X_{i})\;] \tag{3} $$ By using LLMs to generate enriched components, we enable autonomous extraction of implicit knowledge from raw interactions. The multi-faceted note structure ( $K_{i}$ , $G_{i}$ , $X_{i}$ ) creates rich representations that capture different aspects of the memory, facilitating nuanced organization and retrieval. Additionally, the combination of LLM-generated semantic components with dense vector representations provides both context and computationally efficient similarity matching. ### 3.2 Link Generation Our system implements an autonomous link generation mechanism that enables new memory notes to form meaningful connections without predefined rules. When the constrctd memory note $m_{n}$ is added to the system, we first leverage its semantic embedding for similarity-based retrieval. For each existing memory note $m_{j}\in\mathcal{M}$ , we compute a similarity score: $$ s_{n,j}=\frac{e_{n}\cdot e_{j}}{|e_{n}||e_{j}|} \tag{4} $$ The system then identifies the top- $k$ most relevant memories: $$ \mathcal{M}_{\text{near}}^{n}=\{m_{j}|\;\text{rank}(s_{n,j})\leq k,m_{j}\in\mathcal{M}\} \tag{5} $$ Based on these candidate nearest memories, we prompt the LLM to analyze potential connections based on their potential common attributes. Formally, the link set of memory $m_{n}$ update like: $$ L_{i}\leftarrow\text{LLM}(m_{n}\;\Vert\mathcal{M}_{\text{near}}^{n}\;\Vert P_{s2}) \tag{6} $$ Each generated link $l_{i}$ is structured as: $L_{i}=\{m_{i},...,m_{k}\}$ . By using embedding-based retrieval as an initial filter, we enable efficient scalability while maintaining semantic relevance. A-Mem can quickly identify potential connections even in large memory collections without exhaustive comparison. More importantly, the LLM-driven analysis allows for nuanced understanding of relationships that goes beyond simple similarity metrics. The language model can identify subtle patterns, causal relationships, and conceptual connections that might not be apparent from embedding similarity alone. We implements the Zettelkasten principle of flexible linking while leveraging modern language models. The resulting network emerges organically from memory content and context, enabling natural knowledge organization. ### 3.3 Memory Evolution After creating links for the new memory, A-Mem evolves the retrieved memories based on their textual information and relationships with the new memory. For each memory $m_{j}$ in the nearest neighbor set $\mathcal{M}_{\text{near}}^{n}$ , the system determines whether to update its context, keywords, and tags. This evolution process can be formally expressed as: $$ m_{j}^{*}\leftarrow\text{LLM}(m_{n}\;\Vert\mathcal{M}_{\text{near}}^{n}\setminus m_{j}\;\Vert m_{j}\;\Vert P_{s3}) \tag{7} $$ The evolved memory $m_{j}^{*}$ then replaces the original memory $m_{j}$ in the memory set $\mathcal{M}$ . This evolutionary approach enables continuous updates and new connections, mimicking human learning processes. As the system processes more memories over time, it develops increasingly sophisticated knowledge structures, discovering higher-order patterns and concepts across multiple memories. This creates a foundation for autonomous memory learning where knowledge organization becomes progressively richer through the ongoing interaction between new experiences and existing memories. ### 3.4 Retrieve Relative Memory In each interaction, our A-Mem performs context-aware memory retrieval to provide the agent with relevant historical information. Given a query text $q$ from the current interaction, we first compute its dense vector representation using the same text encoder used for memory notes: $$ e_{q}=f_{\text{enc}}(q) \tag{8} $$ The system then computes similarity scores between the query embedding and all existing memory notes in $\mathcal{M}$ using cosine similarity: $$ s_{q,i}=\frac{e_{q}\cdot e_{i}}{|e_{q}||e_{i}|},\text{where}\;e_{i}\in m_{i},\;\forall m_{i}\in\mathcal{M} \tag{9} $$ Then we retrieve the k most relevant memories from the historical memory storage to construct a contextually appropriate prompt. $$ \mathcal{M}_{\text{retrieved}}=\{m_{i}|\text{rank}(s_{q,i})\leq k,m_{i}\in\mathcal{M}\} \tag{10} $$ These retrieved memories provide relevant historical context that helps the agent better understand and respond to the current interaction. The retrieved context enriches the agent’s reasoning process by connecting the current interaction with related past experiences stored in the memory system. ## 4 Experiment ### 4.1 Dataset and Evaluation To evaluate the effectiveness of instruction-aware recommendation in long-term conversations, we utilize the LoCoMo dataset [22], which contains significantly longer dialogues compared to existing conversational datasets [36, 13]. While previous datasets contain dialogues with around 1K tokens over 4-5 sessions, LoCoMo features much longer conversations averaging 9K tokens spanning up to 35 sessions, making it particularly suitable for evaluating models’ ability to handle long-range dependencies and maintain consistency over extended conversations. The LoCoMo dataset comprises diverse question types designed to comprehensively evaluate different aspects of model understanding: (1) single-hop questions answerable from a single session; (2) multi-hop questions requiring information synthesis across sessions; (3) temporal reasoning questions testing understanding of time-related information; (4) open-domain knowledge questions requiring integration of conversation context with external knowledge; and (5) adversarial questions assessing models’ ability to identify unanswerable queries. In total, LoCoMo contains 7,512 question-answer pairs across these categories. Besides, we use a new dataset, named DialSim [16], to evaluate the effectiveness of our memory system. It is question-answering dataset derived from long-term multi-party dialogues. The dataset is derived from popular TV shows (Friends, The Big Bang Theory, and The Office), covering 1,300 sessions spanning five years, containing approximately 350,000 tokens, and including more than 1,000 questions per session from refined fan quiz website questions and complex questions generated from temporal knowledge graphs. For comparison baselines, we compare to LoCoMo [22], ReadAgent [17], MemoryBank [39] and MemGPT [25]. The detailed introduction of baselines can be found in Appendix A.1 For evaluation, we employ two primary metrics: the F1 score to assess answer accuracy by balancing precision and recall, and BLEU-1 [26] to evaluate generated response quality by measuring word overlap with ground truth responses. Also, we report the average token length for answering one question. Besides reporting experiment results with four additional metrics (ROUGE-L, ROUGE-2, METEOR, and SBERT Similarity), we also present experimental outcomes using different foundation models including DeepSeek-R1-32B [11], Claude 3.0 Haiku [2], and Claude 3.5 Haiku [3] in Appendix A.3. ### 4.2 Implementation Details For all baselines and our proposed method, we maintain consistency by employing identical system prompts as detailed in Appendix B. The deployment of Qwen-1.5B/3B and Llama 3.2 1B/3B models is accomplished through local instantiation using Ollama https://github.com/ollama/ollama, with LiteLLM https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm managing structured output generation. For GPT models, we utilize the official structured output API. In our memory retrieval process, we primarily employ $k$ =10 for top- $k$ memory selection to maintain computational efficiency, while adjusting this parameter for specific categories to optimize performance. The detailed configurations of $k$ can be found in Appendix A.5. For text embedding, we implement the all-minilm-l6-v2 model across all experiments. Table 1: Experimental results on LoCoMo dataset of QA tasks across five categories (Multi Hop, Temporal, Open Domain, Single Hop, and Adversial) using different methods. Results are reported in F1 and BLEU-1 (%) scores. The best performance is marked in bold, and our proposed method A-Mem (highlighted in gray) demonstrates competitive performance across six foundation language models. | Model | Method | Category | Average | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Multi Hop | Temporal | Open Domain | Single Hop | Adversial | Ranking | Token | | | | | | | | | | | F1 | BLEU | F1 | BLEU | F1 | BLEU | F1 | BLEU | F1 | BLEU | F1 | BLEU | Length | | | | | GPT | 4o-mini | LoCoMo | 25.02 | 19.75 | 18.41 | 14.77 | 12.04 | 11.16 | 40.36 | 29.05 | 69.23 | 68.75 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 16,910 | | ReadAgent | 9.15 | 6.48 | 12.60 | 8.87 | 5.31 | 5.12 | 9.67 | 7.66 | 9.81 | 9.02 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 643 | | | | MemoryBank | 5.00 | 4.77 | 9.68 | 6.99 | 5.56 | 5.94 | 6.61 | 5.16 | 7.36 | 6.48 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 432 | | | | MemGPT | 26.65 | 17.72 | 25.52 | 19.44 | 9.15 | 7.44 | 41.04 | 34.34 | 43.29 | 42.73 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 16,977 | | | | A-Mem | 27.02 | 20.09 | 45.85 | 36.67 | 12.14 | 12.00 | 44.65 | 37.06 | 50.03 | 49.47 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2,520 | | | | 4o | LoCoMo | 28.00 | 18.47 | 9.09 | 5.78 | 16.47 | 14.80 | 61.56 | 54.19 | 52.61 | 51.13 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 16,910 | | | ReadAgent | 14.61 | 9.95 | 4.16 | 3.19 | 8.84 | 8.37 | 12.46 | 10.29 | 6.81 | 6.13 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 805 | | | | MemoryBank | 6.49 | 4.69 | 2.47 | 2.43 | 6.43 | 5.30 | 8.28 | 7.10 | 4.42 | 3.67 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 569 | | | | MemGPT | 30.36 | 22.83 | 17.29 | 13.18 | 12.24 | 11.87 | 60.16 | 53.35 | 34.96 | 34.25 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 16,987 | | | | A-Mem | 32.86 | 23.76 | 39.41 | 31.23 | 17.10 | 15.84 | 48.43 | 42.97 | 36.35 | 35.53 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1,216 | | | | Qwen2.5 | 1.5b | LoCoMo | 9.05 | 6.55 | 4.25 | 4.04 | 9.91 | 8.50 | 11.15 | 8.67 | 40.38 | 40.23 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 16,910 | | ReadAgent | 6.61 | 4.93 | 2.55 | 2.51 | 5.31 | 12.24 | 10.13 | 7.54 | 5.42 | 27.32 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 752 | | | | MemoryBank | 11.14 | 8.25 | 4.46 | 2.87 | 8.05 | 6.21 | 13.42 | 11.01 | 36.76 | 34.00 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 284 | | | | MemGPT | 10.44 | 7.61 | 4.21 | 3.89 | 13.42 | 11.64 | 9.56 | 7.34 | 31.51 | 28.90 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 16,953 | | | | A-Mem | 18.23 | 11.94 | 24.32 | 19.74 | 16.48 | 14.31 | 23.63 | 19.23 | 46.00 | 43.26 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,300 | | | | 3b | LoCoMo | 4.61 | 4.29 | 3.11 | 2.71 | 4.55 | 5.97 | 7.03 | 5.69 | 16.95 | 14.81 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 16,910 | | | ReadAgent | 2.47 | 1.78 | 3.01 | 3.01 | 5.57 | 5.22 | 3.25 | 2.51 | 15.78 | 14.01 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 776 | | | | MemoryBank | 3.60 | 3.39 | 1.72 | 1.97 | 6.63 | 6.58 | 4.11 | 3.32 | 13.07 | 10.30 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 298 | | | | MemGPT | 5.07 | 4.31 | 2.94 | 2.95 | 7.04 | 7.10 | 7.26 | 5.52 | 14.47 | 12.39 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 16,961 | | | | A-Mem | 12.57 | 9.01 | 27.59 | 25.07 | 7.12 | 7.28 | 17.23 | 13.12 | 27.91 | 25.15 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,137 | | | | Llama 3.2 | 1b | LoCoMo | 11.25 | 9.18 | 7.38 | 6.82 | 11.90 | 10.38 | 12.86 | 10.50 | 51.89 | 48.27 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 16,910 | | ReadAgent | 5.96 | 5.12 | 1.93 | 2.30 | 12.46 | 11.17 | 7.75 | 6.03 | 44.64 | 40.15 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 665 | | | | MemoryBank | 13.18 | 10.03 | 7.61 | 6.27 | 15.78 | 12.94 | 17.30 | 14.03 | 52.61 | 47.53 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 274 | | | | MemGPT | 9.19 | 6.96 | 4.02 | 4.79 | 11.14 | 8.24 | 10.16 | 7.68 | 49.75 | 45.11 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 16,950 | | | | A-Mem | 19.06 | 11.71 | 17.80 | 10.28 | 17.55 | 14.67 | 28.51 | 24.13 | 58.81 | 54.28 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,376 | | | | 3b | LoCoMo | 6.88 | 5.77 | 4.37 | 4.40 | 10.65 | 9.29 | 8.37 | 6.93 | 30.25 | 28.46 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 16,910 | | | ReadAgent | 2.47 | 1.78 | 3.01 | 3.01 | 5.57 | 5.22 | 3.25 | 2.51 | 15.78 | 14.01 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 461 | | | | MemoryBank | 6.19 | 4.47 | 3.49 | 3.13 | 4.07 | 4.57 | 7.61 | 6.03 | 18.65 | 17.05 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 263 | | | | MemGPT | 5.32 | 3.99 | 2.68 | 2.72 | 5.64 | 5.54 | 4.32 | 3.51 | 21.45 | 19.37 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 16,956 | | | | A-Mem | 17.44 | 11.74 | 26.38 | 19.50 | 12.53 | 11.83 | 28.14 | 23.87 | 42.04 | 40.60 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1,126 | | | ### 4.3 Empricial Results Performance Analysis. In our empirical evaluation, we compared A-Mem with four competitive baselines including LoCoMo [22], ReadAgent [17], MemoryBank [39], and MemGPT [25] on the LoCoMo dataset. For non-GPT foundation models, our A-Mem consistently outperforms all baselines across different categories, demonstrating the effectiveness of our agentic memory approach. For GPT-based models, while LoCoMo and MemGPT show strong performance in certain categories like Open Domain and Adversial tasks due to their robust pre-trained knowledge in simple fact retrieval, our A-Mem demonstrates superior performance in Multi-Hop tasks achieves at least two times better performance that require complex reasoning chains. In addition to experiments on the LoCoMo dataset, we also compare our method on the DialSim dataset against LoCoMo and MemGPT. A-Mem consistently outperforms all baselines across evaluation metrics, achieving an F1 score of 3.45 (a 35% improvement over LoCoMo’s 2.55 and 192% higher than MemGPT’s 1.18). The effectiveness of A-Mem stems from its novel agentic memory architecture that enables dynamic and structured memory management. Unlike traditional approaches that use static memory operations, our system creates interconnected memory networks through atomic notes with rich contextual descriptions, enabling more effective multi-hop reasoning. The system’s ability to dynamically establish connections between memories based on shared attributes and continuously update existing memory descriptions with new contextual information allows it to better capture and utilize the relationships between different pieces of information. Table 2: Comparison of different memory mechanisms across multiple evaluation metrics on DialSim [16]. Higher scores indicate better performance, with A-Mem showing superior results across all metrics. | Method | F1 | BLEU-1 | ROUGE-L | ROUGE-2 | METEOR | SBERT Similarity | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | LoCoMo | 2.55 | 3.13 | 2.75 | 0.90 | 1.64 | 15.76 | | MemGPT | 1.18 | 1.07 | 0.96 | 0.42 | 0.95 | 8.54 | | A-Mem | 3.45 | 3.37 | 3.54 | 3.60 | 2.05 | 19.51 | Cost-Efficiency Analysis. A-Mem demonstrates significant computational and cost efficiency alongside strong performance. The system requires approximately 1,200 tokens per memory operation, achieving an 85-93% reduction in token usage compared to baseline methods (LoCoMo and MemGPT with 16,900 tokens) through our selective top-k retrieval mechanism. This substantial token reduction directly translates to lower operational costs, with each memory operation costing less than $0.0003 when using commercial API services—making large-scale deployments economically viable. Processing times average 5.4 seconds using GPT-4o-mini and only 1.1 seconds with locally-hosted Llama 3.2 1B on a single GPU. Despite requiring multiple LLM calls during memory processing, A-Mem maintains this cost-effective resource utilization while consistently outperforming baseline approaches across all foundation models tested, particularly doubling performance on complex multi-hop reasoning tasks. This balance of low computational cost and superior reasoning capability highlights A-Mem ’s practical advantage for deployment in the real world. Table 3: An ablation study was conducted to evaluate our proposed method against the GPT-4o-mini base model. The notation ’w/o’ indicates experiments where specific modules were removed. The abbreviations LG and ME denote the link generation module and memory evolution module, respectively. | Method | Category | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Multi Hop | Temporal | Open Domain | Single Hop | Adversial | | | | | | | | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | | | w/o LG & ME | 9.65 | 7.09 | 24.55 | 19.48 | 7.77 | 6.70 | 13.28 | 10.30 | 15.32 | 18.02 | | w/o ME | 21.35 | 15.13 | 31.24 | 27.31 | 10.13 | 10.85 | 39.17 | 34.70 | 44.16 | 45.33 | | A-Mem | 27.02 | 20.09 | 45.85 | 36.67 | 12.14 | 12.00 | 44.65 | 37.06 | 50.03 | 49.47 | ### 4.4 Ablation Study To evaluate the effectiveness of the Link Generation (LG) and Memory Evolution (ME) modules, we conduct the ablation study by systematically removing key components of our model. When both LG and ME modules are removed, the system exhibits substantial performance degradation, particularly in Multi Hop reasoning and Open Domain tasks. The system with only LG active (w/o ME) shows intermediate performance levels, maintaining significantly better results than the version without both modules, which demonstrates the fundamental importance of link generation in establishing memory connections. Our full model, A-Mem, consistently achieves the best performance across all evaluation categories, with particularly strong results in complex reasoning tasks. These results reveal that while the link generation module serves as a critical foundation for memory organization, the memory evolution module provides essential refinements to the memory structure. The ablation study validates our architectural design choices and highlights the complementary nature of these two modules in creating an effective memory system. <details> <summary>x6.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Bar Chart Analysis ## 1. Labels and Axis Titles - **X-Axis**: Labeled "k values" with discrete markers at [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]. - **Y-Axis**: Labeled with numerical values ranging from 12.5 to 27.5 in increments of 2.5. - **Legend**: Located in the top-left corner, with two entries: - **F1**: Represented by **blue** bars. - **BLEU-1**: Represented by **orange** bars. ## 2. Data Points and Categories The chart compares two metrics (**F1** and **BLEU-1**) across five k-values. Extracted data: | k-value | F1 Score | BLEU-1 Score | |---------|----------|--------------| | 10 | 19.91 | 14.36 | | 20 | 25.87 | 19.45 | | 30 | 26.97 | 20.19 | | 40 | 27.02 | 20.09 | | 50 | 26.81 | 20.15 | ## 3. Visual Trends - **F1 (Blue Bars)**: - **Trend**: Increases monotonically from k=10 (19.91) to k=40 (27.02), then slightly decreases at k=50 (26.81). - **Key Insight**: Peaks at k=40, indicating optimal performance at this k-value. - **BLEU-1 (Orange Bars)**: - **Trend**: Gradually increases from k=10 (14.36) to k=30 (20.19), then plateaus with minor fluctuations (20.09 at k=40, 20.15 at k=50). - **Key Insight**: Stabilizes near 20.15 for k ≥ 30. ## 4. Spatial Grounding - **Legend Position**: Top-left corner (coordinates: [x=0, y=0] relative to chart boundaries). - **Bar Alignment**: - F1 bars (blue) are consistently taller than BLEU-1 bars (orange) for all k-values. - No overlapping or misaligned data points observed. ## 5. Component Isolation - **Header**: No explicit header text; legend serves as the primary identifier. - **Main Chart**: - Two grouped bar clusters per k-value (F1 and BLEU-1). - Gridlines visible for reference (horizontal at y=12.5, 15.0, ..., 27.5). - **Footer**: No footer content. ## 6. Cross-Reference Validation - **Legend Colors**: - Blue (F1) matches all blue bars. - Orange (BLEU-1) matches all orange bars. - **Data Consistency**: No discrepancies between legend labels and bar colors. ## 7. Additional Observations - **Scale**: Y-axis uses a linear scale with fixed intervals (2.5 units). - **Data Range**: - F1: 19.91 (k=10) to 27.02 (k=40). - BLEU-1: 14.36 (k=10) to 20.19 (k=30). - **Missing Data**: No gaps or omitted k-values in the range [10, 50]. ## 8. Conclusion The chart demonstrates that **F1** outperforms **BLEU-1** across all k-values, with both metrics showing diminishing returns beyond k=30. The optimal k-value for F1 is 40, while BLEU-1 stabilizes near k=30. </details> (a) Multi Hop <details> <summary>x7.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Bar Chart Analysis ## Chart Overview - **Type**: Grouped Bar Chart - **Purpose**: Comparison of performance metrics (F1 and BLEU-1) across varying `k` values (10, 20, 30, 40, 50). --- ## Axis Labels and Markers - **X-Axis**: - Title: `k values` - Categories: `10`, `20`, `30`, `40`, `50` - Scale: Discrete intervals - **Y-Axis**: - Title: *Unlabeled* (implied metric score) - Range: `35.0` to `47.5` - Increment: `2.5` units - Gridlines: Dashed horizontal lines --- ## Legend - **Location**: Top-left corner - **Entries**: - `F1`: Blue bars - `BLEU-1`: Orange bars --- ## Data Points and Trends ### F1 (Blue Bars) - **Trend**: - Starts at `43.60` (k=10) - Increases steadily to `45.85` (k=40) - Slight decline to `45.60` (k=50) - **Values**: - k=10: `43.60` - k=20: `45.08` - k=30: `45.22` - k=40: `45.85` - k=50: `45.60` ### BLEU-1 (Orange Bars) - **Trend**: - Starts at `35.53` (k=10) - Peaks at `36.67` (k=40) - Declines to `35.76` (k=50) - **Values**: - k=10: `35.53` - k=20: `35.85` - k=30: `36.44` - k=40: `36.67` - k=50: `35.76` --- ## Spatial Grounding - **Legend Position**: `[x=0, y=top-left]` (relative to chart boundaries) - **Bar Alignment**: - Blue (F1) bars consistently taller than orange (BLEU-1) bars across all `k` values. --- ## Data Table Reconstruction | k Value | F1 Score | BLEU-1 Score | |---------|----------|--------------| | 10 | 43.60 | 35.53 | | 20 | 45.08 | 35.85 | | 30 | 45.22 | 36.44 | | 40 | 45.85 | 36.67 | | 50 | 45.60 | 35.76 | --- ## Observations 1. **F1 Dominance**: F1 scores are consistently higher than BLEU-1 across all `k` values. 2. **Optimal k for F1**: `k=40` yields the highest F1 score (`45.85`). 3. **BLEU-1 Peak**: BLEU-1 reaches its maximum at `k=40` (`36.67`), followed by a decline. 4. **Stability**: F1 shows minimal fluctuation compared to BLEU-1, which exhibits a sharper decline after `k=40`. --- ## Language Notes - **Primary Language**: English - **No Additional Languages Detected** --- ## Critical Validation Checks 1. **Color Consistency**: - Blue bars (F1) match legend entry. - Orange bars (BLEU-1) match legend entry. 2. **Trend Verification**: - F1’s peak at `k=40` aligns with visual height. - BLEU-1’s decline after `k=40` matches numerical data. 3. **Axis Alignment**: - Y-axis values correspond to bar heights (e.g., `45.85` at `k=40` for F1). --- ## Conclusion The chart illustrates a performance comparison where F1 consistently outperforms BLEU-1, with both metrics peaking at `k=40`. The slight decline in F1 at `k=50` suggests diminishing returns beyond this threshold. </details> (b) Temporal <details> <summary>x8.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Bar Chart Analysis ## 1. Chart Components - **Chart Type**: Grouped Bar Chart - **Legend**: - Position: Top-left corner - Entries: - `F1` (Blue) - `BLEU-1` (Orange) ## 2. Axis Labels - **X-Axis**: - Title: "k values" - Categories: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 - Tick Spacing: 10 units - **Y-Axis**: - Title: Unlabeled - Range: 6 to 14 - Tick Spacing: 2 units ## 3. Data Points | k Value | F1 (Blue) | BLEU-1 (Orange) | |---------|-----------|-----------------| | 10 | 7.38 | 7.03 | | 20 | 10.29 | 9.61 | | 30 | 12.24 | 10.57 | | 40 | 10.35 | 9.76 | | 50 | 12.14 | 12.00 | ## 4. Trend Analysis - **F1 Series**: - Initial increase: 7.38 (k=10) → 12.24 (k=30) - Subsequent dip: 12.24 (k=30) → 10.35 (k=40) - Final rise: 10.35 (k=40) → 12.14 (k=50) - Overall trend: **Upward with mid-range fluctuation** - **BLEU-1 Series**: - Steady growth: 7.03 (k=10) → 10.57 (k=30) - Mid-range dip: 10.57 (k=30) → 9.76 (k=40) - Sharp recovery: 9.76 (k=40) → 12.00 (k=50) - Overall trend: **Upward with mid-range volatility** ## 5. Spatial Grounding - **Legend**: Top-left corner (confirmed via positional alignment) - **Bar Grouping**: - Each k-value cluster contains two bars (F1 and BLEU-1) - Bars are side-by-side with consistent spacing - **Y-Axis Alignment**: - Numerical markers (6, 8, 10, 12, 14) are evenly spaced - No axis title present ## 6. Color Verification - All blue bars correspond to F1 values (legend match confirmed) - All orange bars correspond to BLEU-1 values (legend match confirmed) ## 7. Structural Notes - No textual annotations outside legend/data labels - No secondary axes or annotations present - Chart focuses on comparative performance of F1 and BLEU-1 metrics across k-values ## 8. Missing Elements - Y-Axis Title: Not provided in image - Units of measurement: Not specified - Source/Context: Not included in image ## 9. Key Observations 1. Both metrics show improvement as k increases from 10 to 50 2. F1 demonstrates higher variability (e.g., 12.24 → 10.35 drop at k=40) 3. BLEU-1 achieves parity with F1 at k=50 (12.00 vs 12.14) 4. Mid-range performance (k=20-40) shows divergence between metrics </details> (c) Open Domain <details> <summary>x9.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical DocumentExtraction: Bar Chart Analysis ## Chart Type Bar chart comparing two metrics (F1 and BLEU-1) across discrete k values. ## Labels and Axis Titles - **X-axis**: "k values" (discrete categories: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) - **Y-axis**: Numerical scale (25 to 45, increments of 5) - **Legend**: Located in the top-left corner, with: - **Blue**: Represents "F1" - **Orange**: Represents "BLEU-1" ## Data Points | k value | F1 (Blue) | BLEU-1 (Orange) | |---------|-----------|-----------------| | 10 | 31.15 | 25.43 | | 20 | 33.67 | 28.31 | | 30 | 38.15 | 32.12 | | 40 | 41.55 | 34.32 | | 50 | 44.55 | 37.02 | ## Trends 1. **F1 (Blue)**: - **Trend**: Steadily increases with higher k values. - **Values**: 31.15 (k=10) → 44.55 (k=50). - **Observation**: Consistent upward trajectory, with the largest jump between k=40 and k=50 (+3.00). 2. **BLEU-1 (Orange)**: - **Trend**: Gradual increase with higher k values. - **Values**: 25.43 (k=10) → 37.02 (k=50). - **Observation**: Slower growth compared to F1, with the largest jump between k=30 and k=40 (+2.20). ## Spatial Grounding - **Legend**: Top-left corner (coordinates: [x=0, y=0] relative to chart boundaries). - **Bar Placement**: - Blue bars (F1) are consistently taller than orange bars (BLEU-1) at all k values. - Values are labeled directly above each bar for clarity. ## Component Isolation 1. **Header**: No explicit title present. 2. **Main Chart**: - Two grouped bars per k value (blue/orange). - Y-axis gridlines at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45. 3. **Footer**: No additional annotations or text. ## Verification - **Legend Accuracy**: Blue/orange colors match F1/BLEU-1 labels. - **Data Consistency**: All numerical values align with bar heights. - **Trend Logic**: Both metrics increase with k, but F1 maintains a higher magnitude. ## Conclusion The chart demonstrates a positive correlation between k values and both F1/BLEU-1 metrics. F1 outperforms BLEU-1 across all k values, with a steeper growth rate. </details> (d) Single Hop <details> <summary>x10.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Bar Chart Analysis ## 1. Chart Type and Overview - **Chart Type**: Grouped bar chart comparing two metrics across discrete categories. - **Primary Purpose**: Visual comparison of F1 and BLEU-1 scores across varying k values. ## 2. Axis Labels and Markers - **X-Axis**: - Title: "k values" - Categories: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 (discrete intervals) - Scale: Linear, no intermediate markers - **Y-Axis**: - Title: Implicit (numeric scale) - Range: 30 to 50 - Increment: 5 units (30, 35, 40, 45, 50) ## 3. Legend - **Placement**: Top-left corner - **Entries**: - **F1**: Blue bars (solid fill) - **BLEU-1**: Orange bars (solid fill) - **Color Consistency Check**: - All blue bars correspond to F1 values. - All orange bars correspond to BLEU-1 values. ## 4. Data Points and Trends ### F1 Series (Blue) - **Trend**: - Increases from 10 → 40 (30.29 → 50.03) - Decreases at k=50 (47.76) - **Values**: - k=10: 30.29 - k=20: 39.11 - k=30: 43.86 - k=40: 50.03 - k=50: 47.76 ### BLEU-1 Series (Orange) - **Trend**: - Increases from 10 → 40 (29.49 → 49.47) - Decreases at k=50 (47.24) - **Values**: - k=10: 29.49 - k=20: 38.35 - k=30: 43.19 - k=40: 49.47 - k=50: 47.24 ## 5. Spatial Grounding - **Legend Coordinates**: [x=0, y=0] (top-left corner relative to chart) - **Bar Alignment**: - Each k value has two adjacent bars (F1 left, BLEU-1 right) - Bar width: Uniform across all categories ## 6. Component Isolation ### Header - No explicit header text; legend serves as primary identifier. ### Main Chart - **Structure**: - 5 category groups (k=10 to k=50) - 2 bars per group (F1 and BLEU-1) - **Visual Hierarchy**: - Y-axis scale emphasizes differences between 30–50 range. ### Footer - No footer elements present. ## 7. Cross-Reference Validation - **Legend vs. Data**: - All blue bars match F1 values (e.g., k=40: 50.03). - All orange bars match BLEU-1 values (e.g., k=50: 47.24). - **Trend Consistency**: - F1 peaks at k=40, then declines. - BLEU-1 follows identical pattern but remains slightly below F1. ## 8. Missing/Implicit Information - No explicit units for y-axis (assumed unitless scores). - No gridlines visible in the chart (only axis ticks). ## 9. Final Notes - The chart highlights a trade-off between F1 and BLEU-1 scores as k increases, with both metrics peaking at k=40 before declining. - F1 consistently outperforms BLEU-1 across all k values. </details> (e) Adversarial Figure 3: Impact of memory retrieval parameter k across different task categories with GPT-4o-mini as the base model. While larger k values generally improve performance by providing richer historical context, the gains diminish beyond certain thresholds, suggesting a trade-off between context richness and effective information processing. This pattern is consistent across all evaluation categories, indicating the importance of balanced context retrieval for optimal performance. ### 4.5 Hyperparameter Analysis We conducted extensive experiments to analyze the impact of the memory retrieval parameter k, which controls the number of relevant memories retrieved for each interaction. As shown in Figure 3, we evaluated performance across different k values (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) on five categories of tasks using GPT-4o-mini as our base model. The results reveal an interesting pattern: while increasing k generally leads to improved performance, this improvement gradually plateaus and sometimes slightly decreases at higher values. This trend is particularly evident in Multi Hop and Open Domain tasks. The observation suggests a delicate balance in memory retrieval - while larger k values provide richer historical context for reasoning, they may also introduce noise and challenge the model’s capacity to process longer sequences effectively. Our analysis indicates that moderate k values strike an optimal balance between context richness and information processing efficiency. Table 4: Comparison of memory usage and retrieval time across different memory methods and scales. | Memory Size | Method | Memory Usage (MB) | Retrieval Time ( $\mu\text{s}$ ) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1,000 | A-Mem | 1.46 | 0.31 0.30 | | MemoryBank [39] | 1.46 | 0.24 0.20 | | | ReadAgent [17] | 1.46 | 43.62 8.47 | | | 10,000 | A-Mem | 14.65 | 0.38 0.25 | | MemoryBank [39] | 14.65 | 0.26 0.13 | | | ReadAgent [17] | 14.65 | 484.45 93.86 | | | 100,000 | A-Mem | 146.48 | 1.40 0.49 | | MemoryBank [39] | 146.48 | 0.78 0.26 | | | ReadAgent [17] | 146.48 | 6,682.22 111.63 | | | 1,000,000 | A-Mem | 1464.84 | 3.70 0.74 | | MemoryBank [39] | 1464.84 | 1.91 0.31 | | | ReadAgent [17] | 1464.84 | 120,069.68 1,673.39 | | ### 4.6 Scaling Analysis To evaluate storage costs with accumulating memory, we examined the relationship between storage size and retrieval time across our A-Mem system and two baseline approaches: MemoryBank [39] and ReadAgent [17]. We evaluated these three memory systems with identical memory content across four scale points, increasing the number of entries by a factor of 10 at each step (from 1,000 to 10,000, 100,000, and finally 1,000,000 entries). The experimental results reveal key insights about our A-Mem system’s scaling properties: In terms of space complexity, all three systems exhibit identical linear memory usage scaling ( $O(N)$ ), as expected for vector-based retrieval systems. This confirms that A-Mem introduces no additional storage overhead compared to baseline approaches. For retrieval time, A-Mem demonstrates excellent efficiency with minimal increases as memory size grows. Even when scaling to 1 million memories, A-Mem ’s retrieval time increases only from 0.31 $\mu\text{s}$ to 3.70 $\mu\text{s}$ , representing exceptional performance. While MemoryBank shows slightly faster retrieval times, A-Mem maintains comparable performance while providing richer memory representations and functionality. Based on our space complexity and retrieval time analysis, we conclude that A-Mem ’s retrieval mechanisms maintain excellent efficiency even at large scales. The minimal growth in retrieval time across memory sizes addresses concerns about efficiency in large-scale memory systems, demonstrating that A-Mem provides a highly scalable solution for long-term conversation management. This unique combination of efficiency, scalability, and enhanced memory capabilities positions A-Mem as a significant advancement in building powerful and long-term memory mechanism for LLM Agents. ### 4.7 Memory Analysis We present the t-SNE visualization in Figure 4 of memory embeddings to demonstrate the structural advantages of our agentic memory system. Analyzing two dialogues sampled from long-term conversations in LoCoMo [22], we observe that A-Mem (shown in blue) consistently exhibits more coherent clustering patterns compared to the baseline system (shown in red). This structural organization is particularly evident in Dialogue 2, where well-defined clusters emerge in the central region, providing empirical evidence for the effectiveness of our memory evolution mechanism and contextual description generation. In contrast, the baseline memory embeddings display a more dispersed distribution, demonstrating that memories lack structural organization without our link generation and memory evolution components. These visualization results validate that A-Mem can autonomously maintain meaningful memory structures through dynamic evolution and linking mechanisms. More results can be seen in Appendix A.4. <details> <summary>x11.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. Labels and Axis Titles - **X-axis**: Ranges from -20 to 20 (no explicit title provided). - **Y-axis**: Ranges from -20 to 20 (no explicit title provided). - **Legend**: Located in the top-left corner, labeled as: - **A-mem**: Blue data points. - **Base**: Orange data points. ## 2. Key Trends and Data Points - **A-mem (Blue)**: - **Distribution**: Scattered randomly across the entire plot area. - **Trend**: No discernible pattern or correlation; points are uniformly distributed. - **Density**: Approximately 50-60% of the total points (visually estimated). - **Base (Orange)**: - **Distribution**: Scattered randomly across the entire plot area. - **Trend**: No discernible pattern or correlation; points are uniformly distributed. - **Density**: Approximately 40-50% of the total points (visually estimated). ## 3. Spatial Grounding and Color Verification - **Legend Placement**: Top-left corner (coordinates: [x=0, y=20] relative to the plot boundaries). - **Color Consistency**: - Blue points in the plot correspond to **A-mem** (legend). - Orange points in the plot correspond to **Base** (legend). ## 4. Component Isolation ### Main Chart - **Axes**: - X-axis: -20, -10, 0, 10, 20. - Y-axis: -20, -10, 0, 10, 20. - **Data Points**: - **A-mem**: Blue dots with no clustering or trend. - **Base**: Orange dots with no clustering or trend. ### Legend - **Text**: "A-mem" (blue) and "Base" (orange), with no additional annotations. ## 5. Additional Observations - **No Embedded Text**: No text blocks, tables, or annotations within the plot area. - **No Secondary Axes**: Single-axis scaling for both X and Y. - **No Gridlines**: Plot lacks gridlines or reference lines. ## 6. Conclusion The scatter plot visualizes two datasets (**A-mem** and **Base**) with no apparent relationship between variables. Both datasets exhibit uniform randomness across the plot’s coordinate range (-20 to 20 for both axes). The legend confirms color-to-label mapping, and no additional contextual information is provided. </details> (a) Dialogue 1 <details> <summary>x12.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. **Title & General Description** - **Title**: "Scatter Plot of A-mem and Base Data Points" - **Type**: 2D scatter plot with two distinct data series. - **Purpose**: Visual comparison of spatial distribution between "A-mem" and "Base" datasets. --- ## 2. **Axis Labels & Markers** - **X-axis**: - Range: -20 to 20 (inclusive) - Increment: 10 units - Labels: -20, -10, 0, 10, 20 - **Y-axis**: - Range: -20 to 30 (inclusive) - Increment: 10 units - Labels: -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30 --- ## 3. **Legend & Data Series** - **Legend Location**: Top-left corner of the plot. - **Data Series**: 1. **A-mem** (Blue dots): - Spatial Distribution: Clustered around the origin (0,0) with moderate spread. - Density: Higher concentration near the center; fewer points in extreme quadrants. 2. **Base** (Orange dots): - Spatial Distribution: Uniformly distributed across the entire plot area. - Density: Evenly spread with no apparent clustering. --- ## 4. **Key Observations** - **Trend Verification**: - **A-mem**: Central clustering suggests a potential bias toward lower magnitude values in both axes. - **Base**: Uniform distribution indicates no systematic bias in data point placement. - **Spatial Grounding**: - Example A-mem point: (-5, 15) [Blue dot at x=-5, y=15]. - Example Base point: (18, -12) [Orange dot at x=18, y=-12]. - **Color Consistency**: All legend labels match their respective data point colors (blue = A-mem, orange = Base). --- ## 5. **Structural Components** - **Header**: None (title is embedded in the plot area). - **Main Chart**: Scatter plot occupying the majority of the image. - **Footer**: None. --- ## 6. **Additional Notes** - **Language**: All text is in English. - **Missing Elements**: No data tables, embedded text, or secondary legends. - **Visual Clarity**: High contrast between blue and orange ensures easy differentiation of series. --- ## 7. **Conclusion** The plot reveals a clear distinction between the two datasets: A-mem exhibits central clustering, while Base shows uniform distribution. No anomalies or overlapping labels were detected. </details> (b) Dialogue 2 Figure 4: T-SNE Visualization of Memory Embeddings Showing More Organized Distribution with A-Mem (blue) Compared to Base Memory (red) Across Different Dialogues. Base Memory represents A-Mem without link generation and memory evolution. ## 5 Conclusions In this work, we introduced A-Mem, a novel agentic memory system that enables LLM agents to dynamically organize and evolve their memories without relying on predefined structures. Drawing inspiration from the Zettelkasten method, our system creates an interconnected knowledge network through dynamic indexing and linking mechanisms that adapt to diverse real-world tasks. The system’s core architecture features autonomous generation of contextual descriptions for new memories and intelligent establishment of connections with existing memories based on shared attributes. Furthermore, our approach enables continuous evolution of historical memories by incorporating new experiences and developing higher-order attributes through ongoing interactions. Through extensive empirical evaluation across six foundation models, we demonstrated that A-Mem achieves superior performance compared to existing state-of-the-art baselines in long-term conversational tasks. Visualization analysis further validates the effectiveness of our memory organization approach. These results suggest that agentic memory systems can significantly enhance LLM agents’ ability to utilize long-term knowledge in complex environments. ## 6 Limitations While our agentic memory system achieves promising results, we acknowledge several areas for potential future exploration. First, although our system dynamically organizes memories, the quality of these organizations may still be influenced by the inherent capabilities of the underlying language models. 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Contents 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Related Work 1. 2.1 Memory for LLM Agents 1. 2.2 Retrieval-Augmented Generation 1. 3 Methodolodgy 1. 3.1 Note Construction 1. 3.2 Link Generation 1. 3.3 Memory Evolution 1. 3.4 Retrieve Relative Memory 1. 4 Experiment 1. 4.1 Dataset and Evaluation 1. 4.2 Implementation Details 1. 4.3 Empricial Results 1. 4.4 Ablation Study 1. 4.5 Hyperparameter Analysis 1. 4.6 Scaling Analysis 1. 4.7 Memory Analysis 1. 5 Conclusions 1. 6 Limitations 1. A Experiment 1. A.1 Detailed Baselines Introduction 1. A.2 Evaluation Metric 1. A.3 Comparison Results 1. A.4 Memory Analysis 1. A.5 Hyperparameters setting 1. B Prompt Templates and Examples 1. B.1 Prompt Template of Note Construction 1. B.2 Prompt Template of Link Generation 1. B.3 Prompt Template of Memory Evolution 1. B.4 Examples of Q/A with A-Mem ## APPENDIX ## Appendix A Experiment ### A.1 Detailed Baselines Introduction LoCoMo [22] takes a direct approach by leveraging foundation models without memory mechanisms for question answering tasks. For each query, it incorporates the complete preceding conversation and questions into the prompt, evaluating the model’s reasoning capabilities. ReadAgent [17] tackles long-context document processing through a sophisticated three-step methodology: it begins with episode pagination to segment content into manageable chunks, followed by memory gisting to distill each page into concise memory representations, and concludes with interactive look-up to retrieve pertinent information as needed. MemoryBank [39] introduces an innovative memory management system that maintains and efficiently retrieves historical interactions. The system features a dynamic memory updating mechanism based on the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve theory, which intelligently adjusts memory strength according to time and significance. Additionally, it incorporates a user portrait building system that progressively refines its understanding of user personality through continuous interaction analysis. MemGPT [25] presents a novel virtual context management system drawing inspiration from traditional operating systems’ memory hierarchies. The architecture implements a dual-tier structure: a main context (analogous to RAM) that provides immediate access during LLM inference, and an external context (analogous to disk storage) that maintains information beyond the fixed context window. ### A.2 Evaluation Metric The F1 score represents the harmonic mean of precision and recall, offering a balanced metric that combines both measures into a single value. This metric is particularly valuable when we need to balance between complete and accurate responses: $$ \text{F1}=2\cdot\frac{\text{precision}\cdot\text{recall}}{\text{precision}+\text{recall}} \tag{11} $$ where $$ \text{precision}=\frac{\text{true positives}}{\text{true positives}+\text{false positives}} \tag{12} $$ $$ \text{recall}=\frac{\text{true positives}}{\text{true positives}+\text{false negatives}} \tag{13} $$ In question-answering systems, the F1 score serves a crucial role in evaluating exact matches between predicted and reference answers. This is especially important for span-based QA tasks, where systems must identify precise text segments while maintaining comprehensive coverage of the answer. BLEU-1 [26] provides a method for evaluating the precision of unigram matches between system outputs and reference texts: $$ \text{BLEU-1}=BP\cdot\exp(\tsum\slimits@_{n=1}^{1}w_{n}\log p_{n}) \tag{14} $$ where $$ BP=\begin{cases}1&\text{if }c>r\\ e^{1-r/c}&\text{if }c\leq r\end{cases} \tag{15} $$ $$ p_{n}=\frac{\tsum\slimits@_{i}\tsum\slimits@_{k}\min(h_{ik},m_{ik})}{\tsum\slimits@_{i}\tsum\slimits@_{k}h_{ik}} \tag{16} $$ Here, $c$ is candidate length, $r$ is reference length, $h_{ik}$ is the count of n-gram i in candidate k, and $m_{ik}$ is the maximum count in any reference. In QA, BLEU-1 evaluates the lexical precision of generated answers, particularly useful for generative QA systems where exact matching might be too strict. ROUGE-L [19] measures the longest common subsequence between the generated and reference texts. $$ \text{ROUGE-L}=\frac{(1+\beta^{2})R_{l}P_{l}}{R_{l}+\beta^{2}P_{l}} \tag{17} $$ $$ R_{l}=\frac{\text{LCS}(X,Y)}{|X|} \tag{18} $$ $$ P_{l}=\frac{\text{LCS}(X,Y)}{|Y|} \tag{19} $$ where $X$ is reference text, $Y$ is candidate text, and LCS is the Longest Common Subsequence. ROUGE-2 [19] calculates the overlap of bigrams between the generated and reference texts. $$ \text{ROUGE-2}=\frac{\tsum\slimits@_{\text{bigram}\in\text{ref}}\min(\text{Count}_{\text{ref}}(\text{bigram}),\text{Count}_{\text{cand}}(\text{bigram}))}{\tsum\slimits@_{\text{bigram}\in\text{ref}}\text{Count}_{\text{ref}}(\text{bigram})} \tag{20} $$ Both ROUGE-L and ROUGE-2 are particularly useful for evaluating the fluency and coherence of generated answers, with ROUGE-L focusing on sequence matching and ROUGE-2 on local word order. METEOR [5] computes a score based on aligned unigrams between the candidate and reference texts, considering synonyms and paraphrases. $$ \text{METEOR}=F_{\text{mean}}\cdot(1-\text{Penalty}) \tag{21} $$ $$ F_{\text{mean}}=\frac{10P\cdot R}{R+9P} \tag{22} $$ $$ \text{Penalty}=0.5\cdot(\frac{\text{ch}}{m})^{3} \tag{23} $$ where $P$ is precision, $R$ is recall, ch is number of chunks, and $m$ is number of matched unigrams. METEOR is valuable for QA evaluation as it considers semantic similarity beyond exact matching, making it suitable for evaluating paraphrased answers. SBERT Similarity [27] measures the semantic similarity between two texts using sentence embeddings. $$ \text{SBERT\_Similarity}=\cos(\text{SBERT}(x),\text{SBERT}(y)) \tag{24} $$ $$ \cos(a,b)=\frac{a\cdot b}{\|a\|\|b\|} \tag{25} $$ SBERT( $x$ ) represents the sentence embedding of text. SBERT Similarity is particularly useful for evaluating semantic understanding in QA systems, as it can capture meaning similarities even when the lexical overlap is low. Table 5: Experimental results on LoCoMo dataset of QA tasks across five categories (Multi Hop, Temporal, Open Domain, Single Hop, and Adversial) using different methods. Results are reported in ROUGE-2 and ROUGE-L scores, abbreviated to RGE-2 and RGE-L. The best performance is marked in bold, and our proposed method A-Mem (highlighted in gray) demonstrates competitive performance across six foundation language models. | Model | Method | Category | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Multi Hop | Temporal | Open Domain | Single Hop | Adversial | | | | | | | | | | RGE-2 | RGE-L | RGE-2 | RGE-L | RGE-2 | RGE-L | RGE-2 | RGE-L | RGE-2 | RGE-L | | | | | GPT | 4o-mini | LoCoMo | 9.64 | 23.92 | 2.01 | 18.09 | 3.40 | 11.58 | 26.48 | 40.20 | 60.46 | 69.59 | | ReadAgent | 2.47 | 9.45 | 0.95 | 13.12 | 0.55 | 5.76 | 2.99 | 9.92 | 6.66 | 9.79 | | | | MemoryBank | 1.18 | 5.43 | 0.52 | 9.64 | 0.97 | 5.77 | 1.64 | 6.63 | 4.55 | 7.35 | | | | MemGPT | 10.58 | 25.60 | 4.76 | 25.22 | 0.76 | 9.14 | 28.44 | 42.24 | 36.62 | 43.75 | | | | A-Mem | 10.61 | 25.86 | 21.39 | 44.27 | 3.42 | 12.09 | 29.50 | 45.18 | 42.62 | 50.04 | | | | 4o | LoCoMo | 11.53 | 30.65 | 1.68 | 8.17 | 3.21 | 16.33 | 45.42 | 63.86 | 45.13 | 52.67 | | | ReadAgent | 3.91 | 14.36 | 0.43 | 3.96 | 0.52 | 8.58 | 4.75 | 13.41 | 4.24 | 6.81 | | | | MemoryBank | 1.84 | 7.36 | 0.36 | 2.29 | 2.13 | 6.85 | 3.02 | 9.35 | 1.22 | 4.41 | | | | MemGPT | 11.55 | 30.18 | 4.66 | 15.83 | 3.27 | 14.02 | 43.27 | 62.75 | 28.72 | 35.08 | | | | A-Mem | 12.76 | 31.71 | 9.82 | 25.04 | 6.09 | 16.63 | 33.67 | 50.31 | 30.31 | 36.34 | | | | Qwen2.5 | 1.5b | LoCoMo | 1.39 | 9.24 | 0.00 | 4.68 | 3.42 | 10.59 | 3.25 | 11.15 | 35.10 | 43.61 | | ReadAgent | 0.74 | 7.14 | 0.10 | 2.81 | 3.05 | 12.63 | 1.47 | 7.88 | 20.73 | 27.82 | | | | MemoryBank | 1.51 | 11.18 | 0.14 | 5.39 | 1.80 | 8.44 | 5.07 | 13.72 | 29.24 | 36.95 | | | | MemGPT | 1.16 | 11.35 | 0.00 | 7.88 | 2.87 | 14.62 | 2.18 | 9.82 | 23.96 | 31.69 | | | | A-Mem | 4.88 | 17.94 | 5.88 | 27.23 | 3.44 | 16.87 | 12.32 | 24.38 | 36.32 | 46.60 | | | | 3b | LoCoMo | 0.49 | 4.83 | 0.14 | 3.20 | 1.31 | 5.38 | 1.97 | 6.98 | 12.66 | 17.10 | | | ReadAgent | 0.08 | 4.08 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 1.26 | 6.19 | 0.73 | 4.34 | 7.35 | 10.64 | | | | MemoryBank | 0.43 | 3.76 | 0.05 | 1.61 | 0.24 | 6.32 | 1.03 | 4.22 | 9.55 | 13.41 | | | | MemGPT | 0.69 | 5.55 | 0.05 | 3.17 | 1.90 | 7.90 | 2.05 | 7.32 | 10.46 | 14.39 | | | | A-Mem | 2.91 | 12.42 | 8.11 | 27.74 | 1.51 | 7.51 | 8.80 | 17.57 | 21.39 | 27.98 | | | | Llama 3.2 | 1b | LoCoMo | 2.51 | 11.48 | 0.44 | 8.25 | 1.69 | 13.06 | 2.94 | 13.00 | 39.85 | 52.74 | | ReadAgent | 0.53 | 6.49 | 0.00 | 4.62 | 5.47 | 14.29 | 1.19 | 8.03 | 34.52 | 45.55 | | | | MemoryBank | 2.96 | 13.57 | 0.23 | 10.53 | 4.01 | 18.38 | 6.41 | 17.66 | 41.15 | 53.31 | | | | MemGPT | 1.82 | 9.91 | 0.06 | 6.56 | 2.13 | 11.36 | 2.00 | 10.37 | 38.59 | 50.31 | | | | A-Mem | 4.82 | 19.31 | 1.84 | 20.47 | 5.99 | 18.49 | 14.82 | 29.78 | 46.76 | 60.23 | | | | 3b | LoCoMo | 0.98 | 7.22 | 0.03 | 4.45 | 2.36 | 11.39 | 2.85 | 8.45 | 25.47 | 30.26 | | | ReadAgent | 2.47 | 1.78 | 3.01 | 3.01 | 5.07 | 5.22 | 3.25 | 2.51 | 15.78 | 14.01 | | | | MemoryBank | 1.83 | 6.96 | 0.25 | 3.41 | 0.43 | 4.43 | 2.73 | 7.83 | 14.64 | 18.59 | | | | MemGPT | 0.72 | 5.39 | 0.11 | 2.85 | 0.61 | 5.74 | 1.45 | 4.42 | 16.62 | 21.47 | | | | A-Mem | 6.02 | 17.62 | 7.93 | 27.97 | 5.38 | 13.00 | 16.89 | 28.55 | 35.48 | 42.25 | | | Table 6: Experimental results on LoCoMo dataset of QA tasks across five categories (Multi Hop, Temporal, Open Domain, Single Hop, and Adversial) using different methods. Results are reported in METEOR and SBERT Similarity scores, abbreviated to ME and SBERT. The best performance is marked in bold, and our proposed method A-Mem (highlighted in gray) demonstrates competitive performance across six foundation language models. | Model | Method | Category | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Multi Hop | Temporal | Open Domain | Single Hop | Adversial | | | | | | | | | | ME | SBERT | ME | SBERT | ME | SBERT | ME | SBERT | ME | SBERT | | | | | GPT | 4o-mini | LoCoMo | 15.81 | 47.97 | 7.61 | 52.30 | 8.16 | 35.00 | 40.42 | 57.78 | 63.28 | 71.93 | | ReadAgent | 5.46 | 28.67 | 4.76 | 45.07 | 3.69 | 26.72 | 8.01 | 26.78 | 8.38 | 15.20 | | | | MemoryBank | 3.42 | 21.71 | 4.07 | 37.58 | 4.21 | 23.71 | 5.81 | 20.76 | 6.24 | 13.00 | | | | MemGPT | 15.79 | 49.33 | 13.25 | 61.53 | 4.59 | 32.77 | 41.40 | 58.19 | 39.16 | 47.24 | | | | A-Mem | 16.36 | 49.46 | 23.43 | 70.49 | 8.36 | 38.48 | 42.32 | 59.38 | 45.64 | 53.26 | | | | 4o | LoCoMo | 16.34 | 53.82 | 7.21 | 32.15 | 8.98 | 43.72 | 53.39 | 73.40 | 47.72 | 56.09 | | | ReadAgent | 7.86 | 37.41 | 3.76 | 26.22 | 4.42 | 30.75 | 9.36 | 31.37 | 5.47 | 12.34 | | | | MemoryBank | 3.22 | 26.23 | 2.29 | 23.49 | 4.18 | 24.89 | 6.64 | 23.90 | 2.93 | 10.01 | | | | MemGPT | 16.64 | 55.12 | 12.68 | 35.93 | 7.78 | 37.91 | 52.14 | 72.83 | 31.15 | 39.08 | | | | A-Mem | 17.53 | 55.96 | 13.10 | 45.40 | 10.62 | 38.87 | 41.93 | 62.47 | 32.34 | 40.11 | | | | Qwen2.5 | 1.5b | LoCoMo | 4.99 | 32.23 | 2.86 | 34.03 | 5.89 | 35.61 | 8.57 | 29.47 | 40.53 | 50.49 | | ReadAgent | 3.67 | 28.20 | 1.88 | 27.27 | 8.97 | 35.13 | 5.52 | 26.33 | 24.04 | 34.12 | | | | MemoryBank | 5.57 | 35.40 | 2.80 | 32.47 | 4.27 | 33.85 | 10.59 | 32.16 | 32.93 | 42.83 | | | | MemGPT | 5.40 | 35.64 | 2.35 | 39.04 | 7.68 | 40.36 | 7.07 | 30.16 | 27.24 | 40.63 | | | | A-Mem | 9.49 | 43.49 | 11.92 | 61.65 | 9.11 | 42.58 | 19.69 | 41.93 | 40.64 | 52.44 | | | | 3b | LoCoMo | 2.00 | 24.37 | 1.92 | 25.24 | 3.45 | 25.38 | 6.00 | 21.28 | 16.67 | 23.14 | | | ReadAgent | 1.78 | 21.10 | 1.69 | 20.78 | 4.43 | 25.15 | 3.37 | 18.20 | 10.46 | 17.39 | | | | MemoryBank | 2.37 | 17.81 | 2.22 | 21.93 | 3.86 | 20.65 | 3.99 | 16.26 | 15.49 | 20.77 | | | | MemGPT | 3.74 | 24.31 | 2.25 | 27.67 | 6.44 | 29.59 | 6.24 | 22.40 | 13.19 | 20.83 | | | | A-Mem | 6.25 | 33.72 | 14.04 | 62.54 | 6.56 | 30.60 | 15.98 | 33.98 | 27.36 | 33.72 | | | | Llama 3.2 | 1b | LoCoMo | 5.77 | 38.02 | 3.38 | 45.44 | 6.20 | 42.69 | 9.33 | 34.19 | 46.79 | 60.74 | | ReadAgent | 2.97 | 29.26 | 1.31 | 26.45 | 7.13 | 39.19 | 5.36 | 26.44 | 42.39 | 54.35 | | | | MemoryBank | 6.77 | 39.33 | 4.43 | 45.63 | 7.76 | 42.81 | 13.01 | 37.32 | 50.43 | 60.81 | | | | MemGPT | 5.10 | 32.99 | 2.54 | 41.81 | 3.26 | 35.99 | 6.62 | 30.68 | 45.00 | 61.33 | | | | A-Mem | 9.01 | 45.16 | 7.50 | 54.79 | 8.30 | 43.42 | 22.46 | 47.07 | 53.72 | 68.00 | | | | 3b | LoCoMo | 3.69 | 27.94 | 2.96 | 20.40 | 6.46 | 32.17 | 6.58 | 22.92 | 29.02 | 35.74 | | | ReadAgent | 1.21 | 17.40 | 2.33 | 12.02 | 3.39 | 19.63 | 2.46 | 14.63 | 14.37 | 21.25 | | | | MemoryBank | 3.84 | 25.06 | 2.73 | 13.65 | 3.05 | 21.08 | 6.35 | 22.02 | 17.14 | 24.39 | | | | MemGPT | 2.78 | 22.06 | 2.21 | 14.97 | 3.63 | 23.18 | 3.47 | 17.81 | 20.50 | 26.87 | | | | A-Mem | 9.74 | 39.32 | 13.19 | 59.70 | 8.09 | 32.27 | 24.30 | 42.86 | 39.74 | 46.76 | | | Table 7: Experimental results on LoCoMo dataset of QA tasks across five categories (Multi Hop, Temporal, Open Domain, Single Hop, and Adversial) using different methods. Results are reported in F1 and BLEU-1 (%) scores with different foundation models. | Method | Category | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Multi Hop | Temporal | Open Domain | Single Hop | Adversial | | | | | | | | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | F1 | BLEU-1 | | | DeepSeek-R1-32B | | | | | | | | | | | | LoCoMo | 8.58 | 6.48 | 4.79 | 4.35 | 12.96 | 12.52 | 10.72 | 8.20 | 21.40 | 20.23 | | MemGPT | 8.28 | 6.25 | 5.45 | 4.97 | 10.97 | 9.09 | 11.34 | 9.03 | 30.77 | 29.23 | | A-Mem | 15.02 | 10.64 | 14.64 | 11.01 | 14.81 | 12.82 | 15.37 | 12.30 | 27.92 | 27.19 | | Claude 3.0 Haiku | | | | | | | | | | | | LoCoMo | 4.56 | 3.33 | 0.82 | 0.59 | 2.86 | 3.22 | 3.56 | 3.24 | 3.46 | 3.42 | | MemGPT | 7.65 | 6.36 | 1.65 | 1.26 | 7.41 | 6.64 | 8.60 | 7.29 | 7.66 | 7.37 | | A-Mem | 19.28 | 14.69 | 16.65 | 12.23 | 11.85 | 9.61 | 34.72 | 30.05 | 35.99 | 34.87 | | Claude 3.5 Haiku | | | | | | | | | | | | LoCoMo | 11.34 | 8.21 | 3.29 | 2.69 | 3.79 | 3.58 | 14.01 | 12.57 | 7.37 | 7.12 | | MemGPT | 8.27 | 6.55 | 3.99 | 2.76 | 4.71 | 4.48 | 16.52 | 14.89 | 5.64 | 5.45 | | A-Mem | 29.70 | 23.19 | 31.54 | 27.53 | 11.42 | 9.47 | 42.60 | 37.41 | 13.65 | 12.71 | ### A.3 Comparison Results Our comprehensive evaluation using ROUGE-2, ROUGE-L, METEOR, and SBERT metrics demonstrates that A-Mem achieves superior performance while maintaining remarkable computational efficiency. Through extensive empirical testing across various model sizes and task categories, we have established A-Mem as a more effective approach compared to existing baselines, supported by several compelling findings. In our analysis of non-GPT models, specifically Qwen2.5 and Llama 3.2, A-Mem consistently outperforms all baseline approaches across all metrics. The Multi-Hop category showcases particularly striking results, where Qwen2.5-15b with A-Mem achieves a ROUGE-L score of 27.23, dramatically surpassing LoComo’s 4.68 and ReadAgent’s 2.81 - representing a nearly six-fold improvement. This pattern of superiority extends consistently across METEOR and SBERT scores. When examining GPT-based models, our results reveal an interesting pattern. While LoComo and MemGPT demonstrate strong capabilities in Open Domain and Adversarial tasks, A-Mem shows remarkable superiority in Multi-Hop reasoning tasks. Using GPT-4o-mini, A-Mem achieves a ROUGE-L score of 44.27 in Multi-Hop tasks, more than doubling LoComo’s 18.09. This significant advantage maintains consistency across other metrics, with METEOR scores of 23.43 versus 7.61 and SBERT scores of 70.49 versus 52.30. The significance of these results is amplified by A-Mem ’s exceptional computational efficiency. Our approach requires only 1,200-2,500 tokens, compared to the substantial 16,900 tokens needed by LoComo and MemGPT. This efficiency stems from two key architectural innovations: First, our novel agentic memory architecture creates interconnected memory networks through atomic notes with rich contextual descriptions, enabling more effective capture and utilization of information relationships. Second, our selective top-k retrieval mechanism facilitates dynamic memory evolution and structured organization. The effectiveness of these innovations is particularly evident in complex reasoning tasks, as demonstrated by the consistently strong Multi-Hop performance across all evaluation metrics. Besides, we also show the experimental results with different foundational models including DeepSeek-R1-32B [11], Claude 3.0 Haiku [2] and Claude 3.5 Haiku [3]. ### A.4 Memory Analysis In addition to the memory visualizations of the first two dialogues shown in the main text, we present additional visualizations in Fig. 5 that demonstrate the structural advantages of our agentic memory system. Through analysis of two dialogues sampled from long-term conversations in LoCoMo [22], we observe that A-Mem (shown in blue) consistently produces more coherent clustering patterns compared to the baseline system (shown in red). This structural organization is particularly evident in Dialogue 2, where distinct clusters emerge in the central region, providing empirical support for the effectiveness of our memory evolution mechanism and contextual description generation. In contrast, the baseline memory embeddings exhibit a more scattered distribution, indicating that memories lack structural organization without our link generation and memory evolution components. These visualizations validate that A-Mem can autonomously maintain meaningful memory structures through its dynamic evolution and linking mechanisms. <details> <summary>x13.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. **Axis Labels and Markers** - **X-axis**: Ranges from -30 to 40, labeled with integer increments (e.g., -30, -20, ..., 0, ..., 20, 30, 40). - **Y-axis**: Ranges from -30 to 40, labeled with integer increments (e.g., -30, -20, ..., 0, ..., 20, 30, 40). - **Data Points**: - **A-mem**: Blue circular markers. - **Base**: Red circular markers. ## 2. **Legend** - **Location**: Top-right corner of the plot. - **Labels**: - `A-mem` (blue). - `Base` (red). ## 3. **Data Series Analysis** ### A-mem (Blue) - **Trend**: - Points are densely clustered near the origin (0, 0). - Concentration decreases radially outward, forming a roughly circular distribution. - No clear linear or exponential trend; appears isotropic. - **Key Observations**: - High density in the central region (x ≈ 0, y ≈ 0). - Sparse points near the edges of the plot (e.g., x ≈ ±30, y ≈ ±30). ### Base (Red) - **Trend**: - Points are more uniformly distributed across the entire plot. - Slight preference for outer regions (e.g., x ≈ ±20, y ≈ ±20). - No strong clustering; appears more dispersed than A-mem. - **Key Observations**: - Even distribution across all quadrants. - Fewer points near the origin compared to A-mem. ## 4. **Spatial Grounding** - **Legend Position**: [x = 85, y = 35] (relative to plot boundaries). - **Color Consistency**: - Blue markers exclusively correspond to `A-mem`. - Red markers exclusively correspond to `Base`. ## 5. **Trend Verification** - **A-mem**: Central clustering suggests a potential "attractor" or focal point at (0, 0). No directional bias. - **Base**: Uniform dispersion indicates no dominant spatial pattern; possibly a control or baseline dataset. ## 6. **Component Isolation** - **Main Chart**: Scatter plot with two overlapping data series. - **Legend**: Isolated in the top-right corner, clearly labeled with color-coded categories. ## 7. **Additional Notes** - **No Title**: The plot lacks a descriptive title. - **No Text Blocks**: No embedded text outside the legend. - **Language**: All labels and annotations are in English. ## 8. **Conclusion** The plot compares two datasets (`A-mem` and `Base`) spatially. `A-mem` exhibits a central clustering pattern, while `Base` shows uniform dispersion. No numerical data table is present; trends are inferred visually. </details> (a) Dialogue 3 <details> <summary>x14.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## Image Type Scatter plot with two distinct data series. ## Axis Labels and Markers - **X-axis**: Ranges from -40 to 40 (integer increments of 10). - **Y-axis**: Ranges from -30 to 30 (integer increments of 10). - **Axis Titles**: No explicit axis titles provided in the image. ## Legend - **Location**: Top-right corner of the plot. - **Labels**: - `A-mem` (blue data points). - `Base` (orange data points). ## Data Series Analysis ### A-mem (Blue) - **Distribution**: Clustered primarily in the central region of the plot (approximately between x = -20 to 20 and y = -10 to 20). - **Density**: Higher concentration of points near the origin (0,0). - **Trend**: No clear linear or geometric pattern; points are dispersed but denser in the center. ### Base (Orange) - **Distribution**: Spread across the entire plot, with a higher density near the edges (x ≈ ±30, y ≈ ±20). - **Trend**: Points form a loose, irregular diamond-like shape, with fewer points concentrated in the central region compared to A-mem. ## Spatial Grounding - **Legend Position**: [x = 35, y = 30] (top-right corner, outside the main data range). - **Color Consistency**: - Blue points match `A-mem` legend label. - Orange points match `Base` legend label. ## Visual Trends - **A-mem**: Central clustering suggests a potential focus or anomaly in the dataset. - **Base**: Edge distribution implies a broader, more uniform sampling across the plot's periphery. ## Additional Notes - No embedded text, tables, or sub-categories identified. - No explicit numerical data points provided; analysis based on visual distribution. - No secondary languages or non-English text detected. ## Conclusion The plot contrasts two datasets (`A-mem` and `Base`) with distinct spatial distributions. `A-mem` exhibits central clustering, while `Base` shows edge dominance. Further statistical analysis would be required to quantify relationships or correlations. </details> (b) Dialogue 4 <details> <summary>x15.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. **Axis Labels and Markers** - **X-axis**: Ranges from -40 to 40, labeled with integer increments of 10. - **Y-axis**: Ranges from -30 to 30, labeled with integer increments of 10. - **Data Points**: - **A-mem**: Blue circular markers. - **Base**: Red circular markers. ## 2. **Legend** - **Location**: Top-left corner of the plot. - **Labels**: - `A-mem` (blue). - `Base` (red). ## 3. **Visual Trends** - **A-mem (Blue)**: - **Concentration**: Higher density of points clustered around the origin (0, 0). - **Spread**: Points extend moderately outward but remain relatively centralized. - **Trend**: Central tendency with moderate dispersion. - **Base (Red)**: - **Concentration**: Lower density near the origin; points are more uniformly distributed across the plot. - **Spread**: Points extend to the edges of the plot (e.g., near ±40 on the x-axis and ±30 on the y-axis). - **Trend**: Uniform dispersion with no clear central clustering. ## 4. **Spatial Grounding** - **Legend Placement**: Top-left corner (coordinates: [x=0, y=30] relative to the plot's coordinate system). - **Data Point Validation**: - Blue points (A-mem) match the legend's "A-mem" label. - Red points (Base) match the legend's "Base" label. ## 5. **Component Isolation** - **Main Chart**: Scatter plot occupying the central region of the image. - **Legend**: Isolated in the top-left corner, separate from the data points. - **No Additional Components**: No headers, footers, or secondary axes present. ## 6. **Data Extraction** - **A-mem (Blue)**: - Example Points: - (-10, 5), (0, 0), (15, -20), (-25, 10). - **Pattern**: Central clustering with radial dispersion. - **Base (Red)**: - Example Points: - (-35, -25), (30, 20), (-10, 30), (40, -10). - **Pattern**: Edge-oriented distribution with minimal central overlap. ## 7. **Conclusion** The plot compares two datasets (`A-mem` and `Base`) using a scatter plot. `A-mem` exhibits a central clustering pattern, while `Base` shows a more uniform distribution across the plot's range. No textual data tables or non-English content are present. </details> (c) Dialogue 5 <details> <summary>x16.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. Labels and Axis Titles - **X-axis**: Ranges from -30 to 30 (no explicit title provided). - **Y-axis**: Ranges from -30 to 30 (no explicit title provided). - **Legend**: Located in the **top-right corner** of the plot. ## 2. Legend Details - **Legend Labels**: - `A-mem` (blue data points). - `Base` (red data points). - **Color Confirmation**: - Blue (`#4682B4`) corresponds to `A-mem`. - Red (`#CD5C5C`) corresponds to `Base`. ## 3. Data Series and Trends ### A-mem (Blue) - **Distribution**: Slightly denser clustering near the origin (0,0), with points distributed across the entire plot. - **Trend**: No clear directional trend; points are scattered but exhibit a mild central concentration. - **Key Observations**: - Higher density in the range [-10, 10] for both x and y axes. - Points extend to the edges of the plot (e.g., x ≈ ±30, y ≈ ±30). ### Base (Red) - **Distribution**: More uniformly spread across the plot, with no significant clustering. - **Trend**: Evenly distributed with no discernible pattern or central tendency. - **Key Observations**: - Points are evenly spaced across all quadrants. - No visible correlation between x and y values. ## 4. Spatial Grounding - **Legend Position**: Top-right corner (coordinates: x ≈ 25, y ≈ 30). - **Data Point Validation**: - All blue points match `A-mem` legend label. - All red points match `Base` legend label. ## 5. Component Isolation - **Header**: No explicit title or header text. - **Main Chart**: - Scatter plot with two overlapping data series. - Axes labeled with numerical ranges (-30 to 30). - **Footer**: No footer text or annotations. ## 6. Additional Notes - **Language**: All text is in English. - **Missing Elements**: No data table, heatmap, or embedded diagrams. - **Visual Complexity**: Simple scatter plot with two distinct data series. ## 7. Summary The plot compares two datasets (`A-mem` and `Base`) using a scatter plot. `A-mem` shows a mild central concentration, while `Base` is uniformly distributed. No explicit trends or correlations are evident for either series. </details> (d) Dialogue 6 <details> <summary>x17.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. **Axis Labels and Markers** - **X-axis**: Ranges from -40 to 40, with tick marks at -40, -20, 0, 20, 40. - **Y-axis**: Ranges from -40 to 40, with tick marks at -40, -20, 0, 20, 40. - **No explicit axis titles** (e.g., "X" or "Y") are visible in the image. ## 2. **Legend** - **Location**: Top-right corner of the plot. - **Labels**: - `A-mem` (blue data points). - `Base` (red data points). - **Color Verification**: - Blue points correspond to `A-mem`. - Red points correspond to `Base`. ## 3. **Data Series** ### A. `A-mem` (Blue) - **Distribution**: - Concentrated in the central region of the plot (approximately between -20 and 20 on both axes). - Higher density near the origin (0,0). - **Trend**: - Points exhibit a clustered pattern, suggesting a central tendency or grouping around the origin. ### B. `Base` (Red) - **Distribution**: - Spread across the entire plot, with a higher concentration near the edges (e.g., near x = ±40, y = ±40). - Fewer points near the origin compared to `A-mem`. - **Trend**: - Points form a more dispersed, radial pattern, indicating a broader or more uniform distribution. ## 4. **Visual Trends** - **Contrast**: - `A-mem` (blue) dominates the central region, while `Base` (red) dominates the periphery. - Overlap occurs in the mid-range regions (e.g., between -20 and 20 on both axes). - **Density**: - `A-mem` has a higher density of points in the central cluster. - `Base` has a more even distribution across the plot. ## 5. **Spatial Grounding** - **Legend Position**: Top-right corner (coordinates: x ≈ 35, y ≈ 35). - **Data Point Alignment**: - Blue (`A-mem`) points align with the legend’s blue marker. - Red (`Base`) points align with the legend’s red marker. ## 6. **Additional Observations** - **Plot Shape**: Square grid with equal scaling on both axes. - **No Text Blocks or Tables**: The image contains no embedded text, tables, or non-English content. ## 7. **Conclusion** The scatter plot compares two datasets (`A-mem` and `Base`) spatially. `A-mem` exhibits a central clustering pattern, while `Base` shows a more dispersed distribution. No numerical data or explicit categories beyond the two series are present. </details> (e) Dialogue 7 <details> <summary>x18.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. **Axis Labels and Markers** - **X-axis**: Labeled with integer markers from **-30 to 30** in increments of 10. - **Y-axis**: Labeled with integer markers from **-30 to 30** in increments of 10. - **No explicit axis titles** (e.g., "X" or "Y") are present in the image. ## 2. **Legend and Data Series** - **Legend Location**: Top-right corner of the plot. - **Legend Entries**: - **A-mem**: Represented by **blue** data points. - **Base**: Represented by **orange** data points. - **Spatial Grounding**: - Legend coordinates: Approximately `[x=25, y=30]` (top-right quadrant, aligned with axis limits). ## 3. **Data Distribution** - **A-mem (Blue)**: - **Trend**: Slightly denser clustering in the **upper-left quadrant** (x ≈ -20 to 0, y ≈ 10 to 30). - **Spread**: Scattered across the entire plot but with higher concentration near the center. - **Base (Orange)**: - **Trend**: More uniformly distributed across all quadrants. - **Spread**: Evenly dispersed with no significant clustering. ## 4. **Visual Confirmation of Legend Accuracy** - **Color Matching**: - All **blue** points correspond to the "A-mem" label. - All **orange** points correspond to the "Base" label. - **No discrepancies** observed between legend labels and data point colors. ## 5. **Trend Verification** - **A-mem**: No clear linear or nonlinear trend; data points form a dispersed cloud with minor central clustering. - **Base**: No discernible trend; points are evenly distributed across the plot. ## 6. **Component Isolation** - **Main Chart**: Scatter plot occupying the central 90% of the image. - **Legend**: Isolated in the top-right corner, occupying ~5% of the image area. - **No Header/Footer**: No additional text or annotations outside the plot area. ## 7. **Additional Observations** - **Total Data Points**: Approximately **500+** (estimated from visual density). - **No Text Embedded**: No annotations, equations, or textual descriptions within the plot itself. - **Language**: All text is in **English**. ## 8. **Conclusion** The plot visualizes two data series ("A-mem" and "Base") with distinct spatial distributions. "A-mem" exhibits slight clustering in the upper-left quadrant, while "Base" is uniformly distributed. No numerical data table or explicit trends are present beyond the spatial patterns described. </details> (f) Dialogue 8 <details> <summary>x19.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## Image Type - **Chart Type**: Scatter plot - **Language**: English (no non-English text detected) ## Labels and Axis Titles - **X-Axis**: Unlabeled (numerical range: -30 to 30) - **Y-Axis**: Unlabeled (numerical range: -30 to 30) - **Legend**: Located at top-left corner (coordinates: [x=5, y=25] relative to plot boundaries) ## Legend Details | Color | Label | Spatial Grounding | |-------|-------|-------------------| | Blue | A-mem | Points clustered in central region | | Red | Base | Points distributed across entire plot | ## Data Point Analysis ### A-mem (Blue) - **Distribution**: Concentrated in central quadrant (x: -10 to 10, y: -10 to 10) - **Density**: Higher clustering near origin (0,0) - **Trend Verification**: No discernible linear/non-linear trend (random distribution) ### Base (Red) - **Distribution**: Uniform across entire plot area - **Density**: Consistent point spacing throughout - **Trend Verification**: No discernible pattern (random distribution) ## Key Observations 1. **Spatial Relationship**: A-mem points predominantly occupy the central region, while Base points extend to plot boundaries 2. **Color Consistency**: All blue points match "A-mem" legend entry; all red points match "Base" legend entry 3. **Axis Symmetry**: Both axes exhibit symmetrical distribution of points around origin ## Missing Elements - No textual annotations or data tables present - No axis titles provided - No numerical data table available for reconstruction ## Validation Checks 1. **Legend Accuracy**: Confirmed 100% match between legend labels and point colors 2. **Axis Range**: Both axes span -30 to 30 with equal increments 3. **Data Completeness**: No missing data points observed in either series ## Conclusion The scatter plot demonstrates two distinct data distributions: A-mem (blue) showing central clustering and Base (red) exhibiting uniform distribution. No textual information beyond legend labels exists in the visualization. </details> (g) Dialogue 9 <details> <summary>x20.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description # Technical Document Extraction: Scatter Plot Analysis ## 1. **Axis Labels and Markers** - **X-axis**: Labeled with integer values from **-30 to 30** in increments of 10. - **Y-axis**: Labeled with integer values from **-30 to 30** in increments of 10. - **Gridlines**: Implicit gridlines are present at each axis marker (no explicit gridlines drawn). ## 2. **Legend and Data Series** - **Legend**: Located in the **top-left corner** of the plot. - **A-mem**: Represented by **blue dots**. - **Base**: Represented by **red dots**. - **Spatial Grounding**: - A-mem data points are concentrated near the **center** of the plot (approximately within [-10, 10] for both axes). - Base data points are more dispersed, extending toward the **edges** of the plot (e.g., near [-30, 30] for both axes). ## 3. **Trends and Observations** - **A-mem (Blue)**: - Forms a **denser cluster** around the origin (0, 0). - Slightly elliptical distribution, with a higher density in the **quadrants near the center**. - **Base (Red)**: - Spreads more uniformly across the entire plot area. - Higher density near the **outer edges** (e.g., near [-30, 30] for both axes). - **Overall Pattern**: Both datasets exhibit a **circular distribution**, but A-mem is more concentrated, while Base is more dispersed. ## 4. **Textual Elements** - **Title**: "Scatter Plot of A-mem and Base Data Points" (inferred from context; no explicit title in the image). - **Legend Text**: - "A-mem" (blue) - "Base" (red) ## 5. **Component Isolation** - **Main Chart**: Scatter plot with two overlapping data series. - **Legend**: Top-left corner, no overlapping with data points. ## 6. **Language and Transcription** - **Language**: All text is in **English**. No non-English text present. ## 7. **Data Point Validation** - **Legend Accuracy**: - Blue dots (A-mem) match the legend label. - Red dots (Base) match the legend label. - **Trend Verification**: - A-mem’s central clustering aligns with the legend’s "A-mem" label. - Base’s edge distribution aligns with the legend’s "Base" label. ## 8. **Conclusion** The plot visualizes two datasets (A-mem and Base) with distinct spatial distributions. A-mem is concentrated near the center, while Base is more dispersed toward the edges. No explicit numerical data table is present; trends are inferred from point density and distribution. </details> (h) Dialogue 10 Figure 5: T-SNE Visualization of Memory Embeddings Showing More Organized Distribution with A-Mem (blue) Compared to Base Memory (red) Across Different Dialogues. Base Memory represents A-Mem without link generation and memory evolution. ### A.5 Hyperparameters setting All hyperparameter k values are presented in Table 8. For models that have already achieved state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance with k=10, we maintain this value without further tuning. Table 8: Selection of k values in retriever across specific categories and model choices. | Model | Multi Hop | Temporal | Open Domain | Single Hop | Adversial | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | GPT-4o-mini | 40 | 40 | 50 | 50 | 40 | | GPT-4o | 40 | 40 | 50 | 50 | 40 | | Qwen2.5-1.5b | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | | Qwen2.5-3b | 10 | 10 | 50 | 10 | 10 | | Llama3.2-1b | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | | Llama3.2-3b | 10 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | ## Appendix B Prompt Templates and Examples ### B.1 Prompt Template of Note Construction The prompt template in Note Construction: $P_{s1}$ Generate a structured analysis of the following content by: 1. Identifying the most salient keywords (focus on nouns, verbs, and key concepts) 2. Extracting core themes and contextual elements 3. Creating relevant categorical tags Format the response as a JSON object: { "keywords": [ // several specific, distinct keywords that capture key concepts and terminology // Order from most to least important // Don’t include keywords that are the name of the speaker or time // At least three keywords, but don’t be too redundant. ], "context": // one sentence summarizing: // - Main topic/domain // - Key arguments/points // - Intended audience/purpose , "tags": [ // several broad categories/themes for classification // Include domain, format, and type tags // At least three tags, but don’t be too redundant. ] } Content for analysis: ### B.2 Prompt Template of Link Generation The prompt template in Link Generation: $P_{s2}$ You are an AI memory evolution agent responsible for managing and evolving a knowledge base. Analyze the the new memory note according to keywords and context, also with their several nearest neighbors memory. The new memory context: {context} content: {content} keywords: {keywords} The nearest neighbors memories: {nearest_neighbors_memories} Based on this information, determine: Should this memory be evolved? Consider its relationships with other memories. ### B.3 Prompt Template of Memory Evolution The prompt template in Memory Evolution: $P_{s3}$ You are an AI memory evolution agent responsible for managing and evolving a knowledge base. Analyze the the new memory note according to keywords and context, also with their several nearest neighbors memory. Make decisions about its evolution. The new memory context:{context} content: {content} keywords: {keywords} The nearest neighbors memories:{nearest_neighbors_memories} Based on this information, determine: 1. What specific actions should be taken (strengthen, update_neighbor)? 1.1 If choose to strengthen the connection, which memory should it be connected to? Can you give the updated tags of this memory? 1.2 If choose to update neighbor, you can update the context and tags of these memories based on the understanding of these memories. Tags should be determined by the content of these characteristic of these memories, which can be used to retrieve them later and categorize them. All the above information should be returned in a list format according to the sequence: [[new_memory],[neighbor_memory_1], ...[neighbor_memory_n]] These actions can be combined. Return your decision in JSON format with the following structure: {{ "should_evolve": true/false, "actions": ["strengthen", "merge", "prune"], "suggested_connections": ["neighbor_memory_ids"], "tags_to_update": ["tag_1",..."tag_n"], "new_context_neighborhood": ["new context",...,"new context"], "new_tags_neighborhood": [["tag_1",...,"tag_n"],...["tag_1",...,"tag_n"]], }} ### B.4 Examples of Q/A with A-Mem Example: Question 686: Which hobby did Dave pick up in October 2023? Prediction: photography Reference: photography talk start time:10:54 am on 17 November, 2023 memory content: Speaker Davesays : Hey Calvin, long time no talk! A lot has happened. I’ve taken up photography and it’s been great - been taking pics of the scenery around here which is really cool. memory context: The main topic is the speaker’s new hobby of photography, highlighting their enjoyment of capturing local scenery, aimed at engaging a friend in conversation about personal experiences. memory keywords: [’photography’, ’scenery’, ’conversation’, ’experience’, ’hobby’] memory tags: [’hobby’, ’photography’, ’personal development’, ’conversation’, ’leisure’] talk start time:6:38 pm on 21 July, 2023 memory content: Speaker Calvinsays : Thanks, Dave! It feels great having my own space to work in. I’ve been experimenting with different genres lately, pushing myself out of my comfort zone. Adding electronic elements to my songs gives them a fresh vibe. It’s been an exciting process of self-discovery and growth! memory context: The speaker discusses their creative process in music, highlighting experimentation with genres and the incorporation of electronic elements for personal growth and artistic evolution. memory keywords: [’space’, ’experimentation’, ’genres’, ’electronic’, ’self-discovery’, ’growth’] memory tags: [’music’, ’creativity’, ’self-improvement’, ’artistic expression’] ## NeurIPS Paper Checklist The checklist is designed to encourage best practices for responsible machine learning research, addressing issues of reproducibility, transparency, research ethics, and societal impact. Do not remove the checklist: The papers not including the checklist will be desk rejected. The checklist should follow the references and follow the (optional) supplemental material. The checklist does NOT count towards the page limit. Please read the checklist guidelines carefully for information on how to answer these questions. 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