2602.00007v1

# PPoGA: Predictive Plan-on-Graph with Action for Knowledge Graph Question Answering **Authors**: MinGyu Jeon, SuWan Cho, JaeYoung Shu > MODULABS (2018) ## Abstract Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with Knowledge Graphs (KGs) have advanced complex question answering, yet they often remain susceptible to failure when their initial high-level reasoning plan is flawed. This limitation, analogous to cognitive functional fixedness, prevents agents from restructuring their approach, leading them to pursue unworkable solutions. To address this, we propose PPoGA (Predictive Plan-on-Graph with Action), a novel KGQA framework inspired by human cognitive control and problem-solving. PPoGA incorporates a Planner-Executor architecture to separate high-level strategy from low-level execution and leverages a Predictive Processing mechanism to anticipate outcomes. The core innovation of our work is a self-correction mechanism that empowers the agent to perform not only Path Correction for local execution errors but also Plan Correction by identifying, discarding, and reformulating the entire plan when it proves ineffective. We conduct extensive experiments on three challenging multi-hop KGQA benchmarks: GrailQA, CWQ, and WebQSP. The results demonstrate that PPoGA achieves state-of-the-art performance, significantly outperforming existing methods. Our work highlights the critical importance of metacognitive abilities like problem restructuring for building more robust and flexible AI reasoning systems. Knowledge Graph Question Answering, Large Language Models, Self-Correction, Predictive Processing, Neuro-Symbolic AI copyright: acmlicensed journalyear: 2018 doi: XXXXXXX.XXXXXXX conference: Make sure to enter the correct conference title from your rights confirmation email; June 03–05, 2018; Woodstock, NY isbn: 978-1-4503-XXXX-X/2018/06 ccs: Computing methodologies Reasoning about belief and knowledge ## 1. Introduction Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated unprecedented success in few-shot and zero-shot generalization, showcasing their potential to solve complex reasoning tasks (Brown et al., 2020; Chowdhery et al., 2022; Wei et al., 2022; Ouyang et al., 2022). However, LLMs face inherent limitations such as the computational opacity of their internal knowledge, a lack of up-to-date information, and the phenomenon of hallucination, where they generate factually incorrect information (Chen et al., 2024; Sun et al., 2023a, b; Ji et al., 2023). To mitigate these limitations, the KG-augmented LLM paradigm has emerged as a promising solution, integrating Knowledge Graphs (KGs)—which provide explicit and editable factual knowledge—into the reasoning process of LLMs (Sun et al., 2023a, b; Pan et al., 2024; Yasunaga et al., 2021; Baek et al., 2023). Early studies on KG-based reasoning primarily extended the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) to explore reasoning paths within the KG. However, this approach relied solely on the internal reasoning of LLMs, leading to the generation of inaccurate paths that diverge from the actual KG structure (Wei et al., 2022; Press et al., 2022; Creswell et al., 2022). Addressing this issue, Plan-on-Graph (PoG) introduced an advanced methodology that decomposes a question into multiple sub-goals, dynamically explores reasoning paths within the KG, and self-corrects its path upon encountering errors (Chen et al., 2024). However, PoG’s self-correction mechanism has a fundamental limitation: it is confined to analytical solving, where an efficient solution is sought within a given framework (Wertheimer, 1959; Duncker, 1945). If the initial high-level plan—the ”framework” itself—is unsuitable for solving the problem, the agent can become functionally fixed on that plan, failing to redefine the problem space and ultimately leading to failure (Duncker, 1945; Newell and Simon, 1972). To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes PPoGA (Predictive Plan-on-Graph with Action), a novel framework that computationally models the multi-layered and flexible problem-solving methods of humans. PPoGA begins by mimicking the Hierarchical Control of Action in humans, explicitly separating roles into a Planner, which formulates high-level strategies, and an Executor, which carries out specific procedures. This division reduces the cognitive load on each component, thereby maximizing the efficiency and stability of the entire system (Wang et al., 2024; Norman and Shallice, 1986; Kahneman, 2011). Building on this structure, PPoGA incorporates a Predictive Processing mechanism, inspired by how the brain learns from prediction errors, to deepen its reasoning by simulating the outcomes of actions before they are taken (Clark, 2013; Friston, 2010). Furthermore, the core contribution of PPoGA lies in its self-correction mechanism, which emulates the dual human ability to find solutions within a problem’s framework and to restructure the problem when the framework itself is flawed (Wertheimer, 1959). Through this mechanism, PPoGA performs both Path Correction —optimizing paths within a given plan—and Plan Correction —recognizing the failure of the plan itself and formulating a new strategy. This enables PPoGA to achieve a higher level of robust and flexible problem-solving capabilities compared to previous studies (Flavell, 1979). The key contributions of this paper are as follows: - First, we propose PPoGA, a novel Knowledge Graph Question Answering (KGQA) framework that integrates a Planner-Executor role separation, prediction-based reasoning, and dynamic Path Correction into a single, coherent architecture. - Second, we are the first to propose and implement a self-correction mechanism that allows an agent to perform both Path Correction for execution-level errors and Plan Correction by recognizing plan failure and reformulating strategy. - Third, through experiments on complex KGQA benchmarks, we demonstrate that PPoGA achieves higher accuracy and robustness than existing static plan-based agents. ## 2. Methodology In this section, we elucidate the architecture and operational workflow of our proposed framework, PPoGA (Predictive Plan-on-Graph with Action). Our method is predicated on the cognitive principle of Hierarchical Control of Action, which separates high-level strategic reasoning from low-level environmental interaction. This is realized through a dual-component architecture comprising a Planner and an Executor, whose operations are coordinated via a unified, three-tiered Integrated Memory Architecture. The interplay between these components enables a dynamic, multi-stage workflow designed for robust and adaptive problem-solving on knowledge graphs. The Planner, built upon a LLM, serves as the cognitive core of the agent. It is responsible for high-level reasoning tasks, including initial strategy formulation, task decomposition into a multi-step plan, outcome prediction, and self-correction based on environmental feedback. The Executor acts as the interface to the external environment—in this case, a KG. It translates abstract instructions from the Planner into executable SPARQL queries, executes them, and returns structured observations, thereby closing the loop between reasoning and action. All interactions and state information are mediated through the Integrated Memory Architecture, which provides the Planner with comprehensive situational awareness throughout the problem-solving process. ### 2.1. The PPoGA Workflow The PPoGA workflow emulates a structured but flexible human-like reasoning process, beginning with Decomposition and proceeding through an iterative Step Cycle and an Evaluation phase, as illustrated in Figure 1. Upon receiving a question, the Planner first performs Decomposition, creating a multi-step strategic plan to find the answer. This initial plan is a dynamic blueprint composed of discrete steps, where each step encapsulates a unique objective, a description, and a status tracker (e.g., not started, in progress, completed). Once the plan is formulated, the agent executes it sequentially via an iterative, four-stage Step Cycle: Predict, Act, Observe, and Think. The cycle begins with Prediction, where the Planner simulates the expected outcome of the current step’s objective before any action is taken. This proactive mechanism allows the agent to anticipate and identify potential deviations. Following prediction, the Action phase, termed Path Exploration, is executed by the Executor to retrieve information from the KG. This process starts by identifying the topic entity from the user’s query. The Executor then explores the KG by retrieving all connected relations and subsequent entities to form a set of candidate triples. To manage combinatorial explosion, if the number of candidates exceeds a predefined threshold (e.g., 70), an embedding-based pruning mechanism is employed to retain only the most semantically relevant candidates. From this pruned set, the Executor selects the single most promising entity, updating the agent’s memory with the choice and its corresponding rationale. The result of this action forms the Observation, which is then compared against the initial prediction to compute an error signal. This comparison informs the Think stage, where the Planner generates an internal reflection on the outcome, leading to a decision in the final phase. The culmination of each Step Cycle is the Evaluation and Self-Correction phase, where the Planner determines the next course of action. If the step’s objective is met, the agent proceeds to the next step in the plan. If the action was unsuccessful but the overall plan remains sound, it initiates Path Correction, re-attempting the current step while leveraging memory to avoid previously failed exploration paths. Should repeated attempts fail, the agent concludes the plan itself may be flawed and triggers Plan Correction (Replan), returning to the decomposition phase to formulate a new strategy based on the knowledge gathered thus far. The workflow finishes when the agent determines it has sufficient information to synthesize a final answer. <details> <summary>images/PPoGA_workflow_v4.png Details</summary>  ### Visual Description \n ## Diagram: Agent Architecture for Question Answering ### Overview This diagram illustrates the architecture of an agent designed for question answering. It depicts a cyclical process involving planning, execution, exploration, evaluation, and correction, coupled with a memory architecture that stores and retrieves relevant information. The diagram is segmented into four main sections: "Plan & Reasoning", "Memory Architecture", "Executor & Exploration", and "Evaluation & Correction", with a "Flow control & Process Loop" section at the bottom. Arrows indicate the flow of information between these components. ### Components/Axes The diagram consists of several rectangular blocks representing different components. These blocks are interconnected by arrows indicating the flow of information. The blocks are color-coded to distinguish different types of processes or data. Key components include: * **Plan & Reasoning:** Question, Planner, Decompose, Step_1, Step_2, Step_N, Step Cycle (Predict, Action, Observation, Think) * **Memory Architecture:** Strategic Layer (Question, Plan, Replan Count), Step Cycle Layer (Current Step, Predict, Observation, Think), Knowledge Layer (Explored Entities, Explored Relations, Exploration Path, Reasoning Chains) * **Executor & Exploration:** Executor, Path Exploration (Entity Select(From data), Relation Explore, Entity Explore, Prune Candidates, Entity Select(From Candidates)) * **Evaluation & Correction:** Evaluate, Correct Path, Replan, Path Correction, Plan Correction, Flow control & Process Loop (Proceed, Finish, Next Step, Final Answer) * **Flow control & Process Loop:** Proceed, Finish, Next Step, Final Answer, Answer ### Detailed Analysis or Content Details The diagram shows a cyclical flow of information. 1. **Plan & Reasoning:** A "Question" is input to a "Planner" which "Decomposes" it into multiple "Steps" (Step_1, Step_2, ... Step_N). A "Step Cycle" consisting of "Predict", "Action", "Observation", and "Think" is repeated for each step. 2. **Executor & Exploration:** The "Executor" utilizes "Path Exploration" which involves selecting entities from data, exploring relations, exploring entities, pruning candidates, and selecting entities from candidates. 3. **Memory Architecture:** The "Memory Architecture" is layered. The "Strategic Layer" stores the "Question", "Plan", and "Replan Count". The "Step Cycle Layer" stores the "Current Step", "Predict", "Observation", and "Think". The "Knowledge Layer" stores "Explored Entities", "Explored Relations", "Exploration Path", and "Reasoning Chains". 4. **Evaluation & Correction:** The "Evaluate" component determines whether the "Correct Path" is followed or if a "Replan" is necessary. This leads to "Path Correction" and "Plan Correction". 5. **Flow control & Process Loop:** The "Flow control & Process Loop" determines whether to "Proceed" or "Finish", leading to the "Next Step" and ultimately the "Final Answer". The "Answer" is the final output. The diagram uses arrows to show the flow of information. For example: * The "Question" flows from the top-left to the "Planner". * The "Step Cycle" outputs flow to the "Executor". * The "Executor" outputs flow to the "Memory Architecture". * The "Evaluate" component receives input from the "Step Cycle" and the "Executor". * The "Flow control & Process Loop" receives input from the "Evaluation & Correction" and outputs the "Answer". The diagram uses color-coding: * Light Green: Represents input/output or initial states (Question, Answer). * Light Blue: Represents processes within the Step Cycle (Predict, Action, Observation, Think). * Yellow: Represents components related to planning and decomposition (Planner, Decompose, Step_1, Step_2, Step_N). * Light Orange: Represents evaluation and correction components (Evaluate, Correct Path, Replan). * Light Purple: Represents path exploration components (Entity Select, Relation Explore, Entity Explore, Prune Candidates). * Light Brown: Represents flow control components (Proceed, Finish, Next Step). * Gray: Represents memory layers (Strategic Layer, Step Cycle Layer, Knowledge Layer). ### Key Observations The diagram emphasizes a cyclical and iterative process. The agent continuously plans, executes, evaluates, and corrects its approach to answering a question. The memory architecture plays a crucial role in storing and retrieving information throughout this process. The "Replan" loop suggests the agent can adapt its strategy if the initial plan fails. The diagram is highly structured and visually represents a complex system in a clear and organized manner. ### Interpretation This diagram represents a sophisticated agent architecture for question answering, likely inspired by cognitive architectures or reinforcement learning approaches. The separation of planning, execution, and evaluation allows for a modular and adaptable system. The memory architecture provides the agent with the ability to learn and retain information, improving its performance over time. The cyclical nature of the process suggests a continuous refinement of the agent's understanding and approach to the question. The inclusion of "Prune Candidates" indicates a mechanism for reducing computational complexity by focusing on the most promising paths. The diagram highlights the importance of both strategic planning and detailed exploration in achieving accurate and reliable answers. The architecture is designed to handle complex questions that require multiple steps and reasoning chains. The diagram doesn't provide specific data or numerical values, but rather a conceptual framework for building an intelligent agent. It's a high-level design document rather than a report of experimental results. </details> Figure 1. The PPoGA Workflow and Architecture. The framework consists of a Planner (reasoning) and an Executor (action), which interact through a three-layered Integrated Memory Architecture. The workflow follows an iterative cycle of Decomposition, a four-stage Step Cycle (Predict, Act, Observe, Think), and Evaluation, enabling both Plan and Path Correction. : ### 2.2. Integrated Memory Architecture The entire workflow is underpinned by the Integrated Memory Architecture, a centralized cognitive workspace structured into three interconnected layers that operate at different levels of abstraction. The Strategic Layer maintains the highest-level context, storing the initial question, the overall plan, and metadata such as a replan counter to prevent infinite loops; it provides the foundational knowledge required for Plan Correction. Operating at the level of a single action, the Step Cycle Layer holds transient state information like the current step’s objective, predictions, and observations, which is crucial for enabling Path Correction. Finally, the Knowledge Layer serves as the persistent repository for all factual information gathered from the KG, accumulating explored entities, relations, and reasoning chains to ensure that knowledge is retained and redundant actions are avoided. ## 3. Experiment ### 3.1. Experimental Setup We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, PPoGA (Predictive Plan-on-Graph with Action), on the well-established multi-hop KGQA benchmarks GrailQA (Gu et al., 2021), CWQ (Talmor and Berant, 2018), and WebQSP (Yih et al., 2016). The experimental settings are consistent with previous studies such as ToG and PoG (Sun et al., 2023b; Chen et al., 2024), and the same testing samples are utilized for computational efficiency. As in previous KGQA literature (Gu et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2023b; Luo et al., 2024), we use Exact Match Accuracy (Hits@1) as the evaluation metric (Li et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023a). This criterion measures whether the entity predicted by the model exactly matches the ground truth answer (Gu et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2023b). The comparison baselines follow PoG (Chen et al., 2024) and can be classified into categories: - LLM-only: a conventional language model without KG integration (Brown et al., 2020; Wei et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023b; Zhou et al., 2023). - Fine-tuned KG-augmented LLM: a model fine-tuned on KGQA datasets with parameter updates (Jiang et al., 2023b; Shu et al., 2022; Luo et al., 2024; Yu et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2023; Ye et al., 2022). - Prompting KG-augmented LLM (GPT-3.5): a prompting-based reasoning model using GPT-3.5 (Li et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023a; Jiang et al., 2023a; Xiong et al., 2024; Sun et al., 2023b). ### 3.2. Results We evaluate PPoGA across three standard benchmarks. The GrailQA benchmark measures the ability of models to generalize under four evaluation settings: Overall, I.I.D., Compositional, and Zero-Shot (Gu et al., 2021). These configurations are designed to evaluate, respectively, overall performance, in-domain reasoning, compositional generalization, and out-of-distribution reasoning capability (Chen et al., 2024; Sun et al., 2023b). Additionally, we assess performance on Complex WebQuestions (CWQ) (Talmor and Berant, 2018) and WebQuestionsSP (WebQSP) (Yih et al., 2016) to validate the framework’s effectiveness on other complex question-answering datasets. The main results are presented in Table 1 (for GrailQA) and Table 2 (for CWQ and WebQSP). Our experiments are conducted using GPT-3.5 to ensure a fair and direct comparison against the prompting-based baselines in the same category. PPoGA consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance among all Prompting KG-Augmented LLM (GPT-3.5) baselines across all three datasets. Most notably, PPoGA demonstrates a clear and consistent performance improvement over its direct predecessor, PoG (Chen et al., 2024). On the GrailQA benchmark (Table 1), PPoGA achieves an overall accuracy of 78.9, surpassing PoG’s 76.5. This trend holds across the generalization splits, especially in the challenging Zero-shot split (82.3 vs. 81.7). This superiority is further confirmed on CWQ and WebQSP (Table 2), where PPoGA (64.5 on CWQ, 83.1 on WebQSP) outperforms PoG | Method LLM-Only IO Prompt (Brown et al., 2020) | Overall 29.4 | I.I.D. - | Compositional - | Zero-shot - | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CoT (Wei et al., 2022) | 28.1 | - | - | - | | SC (Wang et al., 2023b) | 29.6 | - | - | - | | Fine-Tuned KG-Augmented LLM | | | | | | RnG-KBQA (Ye et al., 2022) | 68.8 | 86.2 | 63.8 | 63.0 | | TIARA (Shu et al., 2022) | 73.0 | 87.8 | 69.2 | 68.0 | | FC-KBQA (Zhang et al., 2023) | 73.2 | 88.5 | 70.0 | 67.6 | | Pangu (Gu et al., 2023) | 75.4 | 84.4 | 74.6 | 71.6 | | FlexKBQA (Li et al., 2024) | 62.8 | 71.3 | 59.1 | 60.6 | | GAIN (Shu and Yu, 2024) | 76.3 | 88.5 | 73.7 | 71.8 | | Prompting KG-Augmented LLM (GPT-3.5) | | | | | | KB-BINDER (Li et al., 2023) | 50.6 | - | - | - | | ToG (Sun et al., 2023b) | 68.7 | 70.1 | 56.1 | 72.7 | | PoG (Chen et al., 2024) | 76.5 | 76.3 | 62.1 | 81.7 | | PPoGA (ours) | 78.9 | 78.6 | 64.7 | 82.3 | Table 1. Performance comparison of different methods on GrailQA. | Method LLM-Only IO Prompt (Brown et al., 2020) | CWQ 37.6 | WebQSP 63.3 | | --- | --- | --- | | CoT (Wei et al., 2022) | 38.8 | 62.2 | | SC (Wang et al., 2023b) | 45.4 | 61.1 | | Fine-Tuned KG-Augmented LLM | | | | UniKGQA (Jiang et al., 2023b) | 51.2 | 79.1 | | TIARA (Shu et al., 2022) | - | 75.2 | | RE-KBQA (Cao et al., 2023) | 50.3 | 74.6 | | DeCAF (Yu et al., 2023) | 70.4 | 82.1 | | ROG (Luo et al., 2024) | 62.6 | 85.7 | | Prompting KG-Augmented LLM (GPT-3.5) | | | | KD-COT (Wang et al., 2023a) | 50.5 | 73.7 | | KB-BINDER (Li et al., 2023) | 54.3 | 74.4 | | StructGPT (Jiang et al., 2023a) | 57.1 | 72.6 | | ToG (Sun et al., 2023b) | - | 76.2 | | PoG (Chen et al., 2024) | 63.2 | 82.0 | | PPoGA (ours) | 64.5 | 83.1 | Table 2. Performance comparison (Hits@1) on CWQ and WebQSP, aligned with PoG baselines. ## 4. Conclusion In this paper, we introduced PPoGA (Predictive Plan-on-Graph with Action), a novel framework for complex KGQA that addresses the critical limitation of functional fixedness in existing planning-based agents. By computationally modeling principles of human cognition, PPoGA moves beyond simple error correction to enable true problem restructuring. Our core contributions are the explicit separation of high-level reasoning and low-level execution through a Planner-Executor architecture, the integration of a Predictive Processing mechanism for proactive error anticipation, and, most importantly, the introduction of a Two-Level Self-Correction mechanism. This dual-correction system empowers the agent to perform not only Path Corrections at the execution level but also Plan Corrections by identifying and abandoning flawed high-level plans. Our experimental results on three challenging KGQA benchmarks empirically validate the effectiveness of our approach. PPoGA consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating that its ability to flexibly adapt and reformulate strategies leads to superior accuracy and robustness. These findings underscore the value of building agents that can reason about their own reasoning process, a key aspect of metacognition. The success of PPoGA suggests a promising direction for developing more autonomous and resilient AI systems. Future work could explore applying this hierarchical and self-correcting cognitive architecture to other complex, multi-step reasoning domains such as embodied AI, software engineering, and scientific discovery, where the ability to dynamically restructure a problem is paramount. Acknowledgements. This research was supported by Brian Impact Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of science and technology for all. ## References - (1) - Baek et al. (2023) Jinyoung Baek, Sebon O’Brien, and Jong-Hoon Lee. 2023. 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